Khmerkhom: ប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារ

Saturday, August 27, 2011

ប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារ

English

ប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារ

ប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារ (Prasat Preah Vihear) ស្ថិតក្នុងភូមិស្វាយជ្រំ ឃុំកន្ទួត ស្រុកជាំខ្សាន្ត នៅលើខ្នងភ្នំដងរែក (៨០០ គុណនឹង ៤០០ ម៉ែត្រការ៉េ)។ ដងភ្នំនេះមានលក្ខណៈចោទខ្លាំងពីខាងប្រទេសកម្ពុជា និងជម្រាលពីខាងប្រទេសថៃ។ ប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារមានចម្ងាយ៤០៥គីទ្បូមែត្រពីទីក្រុងភ្នំពេញ តែបើគេធ្វើដំណើរចេញពីទីរួមខេត្តព្រះវិហារ វិញ វាមានចម្ងាយត្រឹមតែ១០៨គីឡូម៉ែត្រត្រប៉ុណ្ណោះ ដោយធ្វើដំណើរតាមផ្លូវលេខ២១១ ទៅកាន់ស្រុកជាំខ្សាន្ត។ នៅឯភ្នំដងរែកនោះមានជណ្ដើរមួយ ដែលអាចឲ្យគេឡើងទៅដល់កំពូលភ្នំ ដែលជាទីតាំងរបស់ប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារស្ថិតនៅ។

សព្វ ថ្ងៃនេះអ្នកលក់ដូរ និងប្រជាជនតំបន់នោះភាគច្រើនតែងតែឡើងទៅលើភ្នំតាមផ្លូវ ស៊ី១ ពីព្រោះថាផ្លូវនោះវាងាយស្រួលក្នុងការធ្វើដំណើរ។ ប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារគឺជាតំបន់ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រមួយដែលមានឈ្មោះថា សេការីស្វារៈ មាន ន័យថា អំណាចនៃភ្នំ ហើយត្រូវបានសាងសង់ឡើងនៅក្នុងអំលុងចុងសតវត្សទី៩ និងដើមសតវត្សទី១០ ដោយព្រះមហាក្សត្រ៤អង្គព្រះនាម៖ ព្រះបាទយសោវរ្ម័នទី១ (សាងសង់ក្នុងគ.ស ៨៨៩-៩១០) ព្រះបាទសូរ្យវរ្ម័នទី១(សាងសង់ក្នុងគ.ស ១០០២-១០៥០) ព្រះបាទសូរ្យវរ្ម័នទី២ (សាងសង់ក្នុងគ.ស ១១១៣-១១៥០) និងព្រះបាទជ័យវរ្ម័នទី៦ (សាងសង់ក្នុងគ.ស ១០៨០-១១០៩)។ ប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារបានប្រគល់ឲ្យប្រទេសថៃដោយពួកអាណានិគមបារាំង ក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៥៤ តែត្រូវទាមទារបានមកវិញដោយការកាត់សេចក្ដីពីតុលាការអន្តរជាតិ ក្រុងទ្បាអេ ១៥ មិថុនា ១៩៦២ ក្រោមព្រះរាជកិច្ចដឹកនាំរបស់ព្រះមហាក្សត្រខ្មែរ។^[១]

· កាលបរិច្ឆេទសំខាន់ៗ

§ ថៃ្ង ទី១៥ ខែមិថុនា ឆ្នាំ១៩៦២ : ប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារត្រូវបានសាលក្រមតុលាការអន្តរជាតិក្រុងទ្បាអេ សម្រេចឲ្យភាគីកម្ពុជាជាអ្នកឈ្នះក្ដី រវាងវិវាទកម្ពុជា-ថៃលើប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារ។

§ ថៃ្ងទី៧ ខែកក្កដា ឆ្នាំ២០០៨: អង្គការ UNESCO បានសម្រេចដាក់ប្រាសាទព្រះវិហាររបស់កម្ពុជាចូលក្នុងបញ្ជីបេតិកភណ្ឌពិភពលោក ក្នុងសម័យប្រជុំលើកទី៣២ នៅក្នុងទីក្រុងកេបិក ប្រទេសកាណាដា។

ប្រវត្តិនៃប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារ

តាម ការស្រាវជ្រាវពីឯកសារប្រវត្តិសាស្រ្តខ្មែរជាច្រើន បានឲ្យដឹងថា ប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារត្រូវបានស្ថាបនាឡើងពីថ្ម ចាប់តាំងពីរជ្ជកាលព្រះបាទសុរិយវរ្ម័នទី១ ។ ព្រះបាទសុរិយវរ្ម័នទី១ សោយ រាជ្យ នៅពាក់កណ្តាលទីមួយនៃសតវត្សរ៍ទី១១ ។ ទីតាំងធ្វើប្រាសាទ ដែលស្ថិតនៅលើទីខ្ពស់ជាងគេ នោះមានកំពស់ ៦២៥ម៉ែត្រ(ឯកសារបារាំង)រឺ៦១៥ម៉ែត្រ(ឯកសារអង់គ្លេស) ។

ប្រវត្តិនៃការកសាងប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារ មាននៅលើសិលាចារឹកខ្មែរ នៅឯប្រាសាទបាពួន ក្នុងខេត្តសៀមរាប គឺកាលេខ ៥៨៣ ៖ «អ្នកដែលសរសេរសិលាចារឹកហ្នឹង ឈ្មោះហរិ វាហៈ នៅក្នុងរជ្ជកាលព្រះបាទរាជិន្រ្ទវរ័ន្ម គ្រិស្តសករាជ ៩៤៤ ដល់ ៩៦៨ ។ គេសរសេរជាភាសាសំស្រ្កឹតនិងជាភាសាខ្មែរ ។ គេសរសេរថា មានព្រះអង្គម្ចាស់មួយអង្គព្រះនាម ឥន្រ្ទាយុទ្ធ លោកបានយកលិង្គមួយ ឈ្មោះស្រីសិខៈ រិស្វារៈ មកតាំង មកប្រតិស្ឋនៅទីនេះៗគឺប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារនេះឯង ។ គេសរសេរថា ព្រះអង្គលោកខ្លាំងពូកែខ្លាំងណាស់ ។ លោកមានមហិទ្ធឫទ្ធិ ទៅច្បាំងជាមួយនឹងស្តេចចាម ហើយចាប់ស្តេចចាមនោះបានទៀត ។ ចំពោះសេចក្តីសិលាចារឹកនេះ អ្នកប្រាជ្ញខាងប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រគិតថា មិនមានសិលាចារឹកឯណាទៀត និយាយពីចម្បាំងទៅចាប់ស្តេចចាមនោះទេ ក៏ប៉ុន្តែស្តេចដែលលោកចាប់បាននោះ ប្រហែលជាមិនមែនជាស្តេចចាម ដែលត្រួតប្រទេសចាមទាំងមូលនោះទេ ។ ប្រហែលជាស្តេចអង្គតូចមួយ ដែលត្រួតនៅនគរមួយ ដែលមានព្រំប្រទល់នៅជាប់នឹងប្រទេសខ្មែរ។

ព្រះអង្គម្ចាស់ ឥន្រ្ទាយុទ្ធ

អំពីជីវប្រវត្តិសង្ខេបរបស់ព្រះអង្គម្ចាស់ ឥន្រ្ទាយុទ្ធ ៖ «ព្រះអង្គម្ចាស់ ឥន្រ្ទាយុទ្ធ ដល់ពេលដែលលោកចាស់ទៅ លោកទៅរៀនធម៌ តាំងសីលនៅលិង្គបូ ៗ គឺជាវត្តភូ នៅខាងត្បូងស្រុកលាវ សព្វថ្ងៃនេះ ។ រួចហើយ លោកបានកសាងលិង្គមួយ យកថ្មនោះជាបំណែកនៃលិង្គធំមួយ ។ លិង្គនោះឈ្មោះថា ស្រីសិខៈ រិ ស្វារៈ លោកយកលិង្គនេះមកទុកនៅប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារ ។ ឈ្មោះ លិង្គ ស្រីសិខៈ រិស្វារៈ នេះ ពេលក្រោយឆ្នាំក្រោយ មកទៀត គេតែងតែហៅសម្រាប់ឈ្មោះលិង្គផង និងឈ្មោះទីប្រាសាទវិហារនេះផង ដូច្នេះអ្នកដែលមកប្រតិស្ឋស្ថាន [[ស្រីសិខៈ រិស្វារៈ:: ថ្មហ្នឹងគឺជាបំណែកមួយ ដែលនៅនឹងលិង្គបូ នោះ នៅវត្តភូនោះ គឺយកមកទុកនៅប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារនោះ គឺព្រះអង្គម្ចាស់ ឥន្រ្ទាយុទ្ធ ។ ពេលនោះ អ្នកប្រាជ្ញដែលសិក្សាពីសិលាចារឹក និងអំពីប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារនោះ គេសន្មត់ថា ទីនោះប្រហែលជាទីតាំងទាំងប៉ុន្មាន គឺមិនមែនដូចសព្វថ្ងៃនេះទេ ។ មានតែអាស្រមធ្វើអំពីឈើ ពីព្រោះជាទីកន្លែងសម្រាប់ស្នាក់នៅនៃពួកព្រាហ្មណ៍ ដែលមានភារៈទទួលគោរពថែរក្សាលិង្គ ស្រីសិខៈ រិស្វារៈ នេះឯង» ។

ព្រាហ្មណ៍តៈបៈស្វិន្រ្ទបណ្ឌិត

បើតាម អត្ថបទសិលាចារឹក នៅឯប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារ កាលេខ ៣៨១ ដែលសរសេរជាភាសាខ្មែរផងនិងសំស្រ្កឹតផង បានឲ្យដឹងបន្ថែមថា មានព្រាហ្មណ៍ម្នាក់ឈ្មោះ តៈបៈស្វិន្រ្ទបណ្ឌិត ជាមនុស្សសំខាន់ដែលទាក់ទិននឹងប្រវតិ្តប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារ ។ តៈបៈស្វិន្រ្ទៈបណ្ឌិត មាន អាស្រមមួយ នៅនឹងដែនដីនៃទីតាំងប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារនោះ ។ នៅរវាងឆ្នាំ១០២៤ គឺលោកបានទទួលអង្រឹងស្នែងមាស និងវត្ថុដ៏មានតម្លៃដទៃទៀតជាច្រើន ពីព្រះបាទសុរិយវរ្ម័នទី១ ព្រោះតែព្រះអង្គដឹងគុណដល់លោក តៈបៈស្វិន្រ្ទៈបណ្ឌិត ដែលបានថែរក្សាលិង្គព្រះអាទិទេព ស្រីសិខៈរិស្វារៈ ។

ព្រះបាទ សុរិយវរ្ម័នទី១ លោកជឿខ្លាំងណាស់ នេះបើតាមសិលាចារឹក ។ លោកជឿថា លិង្គដែលមានព្រះនាម ស្រីសិខៈ រិស្វារៈ ដែល ធ្វើរួចហើយពីវត្តភូ យកមកទុកនៅនឹងប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារ លិង្គនេះឯង តែងតែសម្តែងមហិទ្ធិឫទ្ធិ បដិហារឲ្យលោកឃើញ ។ លោកគ្មានពេលនឹងទៅធ្វើពិធីគោរពបូជាដល់លិង្គហ្នឹង មានតែ តៈបៈស្វិន្រ្ទៈបណ្ឌិត នោះ ទេ គាត់ធ្វើ ហើយលោកសុំឲ្យខំធ្វើនោះតទៅទៀត ដើម្បីឲ្យបានបុណ្យបានផលហ្នឹងដល់លោកនិងប្រទេសកម្ពុជា ។ សេចក្តីក្នុងសិលាចារឹកនោះ បញ្ជាក់ហើយបញ្ជាក់ទៀត ព្រះអង្គម្ចាស់ខំធ្វើខ្លាំងណាស់ ខ្ញុំសូមបញ្ជាក់ថា អ្នកដែលនៅបម្រើនៅក្នុងប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារ នៅដើមសតវត្សរ៍ទី១ នៃរជ្ជកាលរបស់ព្រះបាទ សុរិយវរ្ម័នទី១ មាន មនុស្សច្រើនណាស់ មិនមែនមានតែព្រាហ្មណ៍ទេ មានអ្នកខ្លះ ជាពល ជាអ្នកស្រុកនៃភូមិដែលនៅជិតៗហ្នឹង គេមានឈ្មោះភូមិគេ ប៉ុន្តែភូមិខ្លះយើងអត់ដឹងថា ទីតាំងនៅត្រង់ណា តែនៅនឹងជើងភ្នំ អាចឡើងមកនៅលើភ្នំទៀត សុទ្ធតែជាអ្នកនៅគោរព នៅបូជា អ្នកដែលជួយធ្វើនេះធ្វើនោះ ដើម្បីថែរក្សា ។ អ៊ីចឹង ព្រះបាទ សុរិយវរ្ម័នទី១ លោក សុំឲ្យយកអ្នកទាំងអស់គ្នានេះ ចូលមកស្បថធ្វើឲ្យបានត្រឹមត្រូវ ។ មិនមែនគ្រាន់ជាអ្នកបម្រើ យើងធ្វើតាមចិត្ត អត់ទេ ។

សម្បថ នោះមានអីខ្លះទៅ? គឺថា សម្បថនោះមាន បើអ្នកឯងស្បថថា យាមប្រាសាទ គឺប្រាកដជាយាមប្រាសាទ ។ បើអ្នកឯងថែទាំប្រាសាទ ប្រាកដជាថែទាំប្រាសាទ ។ ហើយលោកបញ្ជាក់ថា បើអ្នកឯងជាអ្នកថែទាំប្រាសាទ អ្នកឯងជាអ្នកការពារ អ្នកនៅបម្រើទាំងអស់ហ្នឹង សូម្បីតែនៅក្នុងប្រាសាទ ក៏ត្រូវការរពារ អ្នកអស់ហ្នឹង សូម្បីតែគេទៅធ្វើការនៅក្រៅប្រាសាទ ឧទាហរណ៍ដូចជាទៅធ្វើស្រែ ឃ្វាលគោ ដែលនៅក្រៅរង្វង់ប្រាសាទ អ្នកឯងក៏ត្រូវការពារគេនោះដែរ ។ ហើយលោកឲ្យការពារកុំឲ្យមានពួកបះបោរ មកធ្វើបាបអ្នកស្រុកអស់នោះ ។ ដូច្នេះសម្បថនេះមិនដូចសម្បថដែលពួកអ្នករាជការ គេហៅតម្រួតលោកឲ្យធ្វើស្បថចំពោះលោក ដែលគេចារនៅលើខ្លោងទ្វារប្រាសាទវិមានអាកាស នៅអង្គរនោះមិនដូចគ្នាទេ ។ នេះគឺយើងស្បថ យើងសម្រេចថា យើងនៅបម្រើអាទិទេព សិខៈ រិស្វារៈ នៅនឹងភ្នំព្រះវិហារនេះ» ។
ស្រីសុកៈរាមា

នៅក្នុងចំណោមអ្នកដែលនៅបម្រើលិង្គព្រះអាទិទេព ស្រីសិខៈ រិ ស្វារៈ កាលណោះមានបុរសម្នាក់ឈ្មោះ ស្រីសុកៈរាមា ជាមនុស្សសំខាន់ ។ ស្រីសុកៈរាមានេះ មានក្រុមគ្រួសាររបស់គាត់ ជាអ្នករក្សាទុកឯកសារប្រវត្តិសាស្រ្តខ្មែរ តាំងពីព្រះរាជាកម្ពុជា រឿងរ៉ាវទាក់ទងនឹងប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រ កិច្ចការរាជការ និងរឿងស្នាព្រះហស្តផ្សេងៗ តាំងពីសម័យមុនអង្គរគឺព្រះបាទស្រីប្បវរ័្មន រហូតមកដល់ព្រះបាទ ស្រី សុរិយវរ័្មន នេះ មានទាំងអស់ គេសរសេរទុក ខ្ញុំមើលនៅស្លឹកហ្នឹង គឺស្លឹករឹតហើយ ។ ទុកនៅនឹងប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារផង និងទុកនៅនឹងប្រាសាទមួយទៀត ដែលសព្វថ្ងៃនេះ នៅនឹងប្រាសាទខាងជើងភ្នំដងរែក ។ គេយកគាត់មកនិយាយនេះ គឺគាត់ជាអ្នកគោរពត្រឹមត្រូវ ជួយធ្វើការបោសសំអាត រៀបចំគោរព ស្រី សិខារិស្វារៈ ។

ព្រះបាទសុរិយវរ្ម័នទី១ លោកជាអ្នកកាន់ព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនា ថេរវាទ ។ លោកនៅតែគោរពព្រះឥសូរ ព្រោះ នៅក្នុងសិលាចារឹកនេះឯង គេបាននិយាយថា ដើម្បីកំណត់ព្រំប្រទល់អំណាចរបស់លោកបណ្តោះអាសន្ន លោកឲ្យគេធ្វើលិង្គ៤ ដែលលិង្គនីមួយៗឈ្មោះដដែលគឺ សុរិយ វ៉ារមិស្វារៈ គឺឥសូរដែលមានឈ្មោះហៅថា សុរិយវរ្ម័ននេះឯង ។

§ លិង្គមួយត្រូវបានយកទៅទុក នៅក្នុងខេត្តបាត់ដំបង គឺវត្តឯក គឺឈ្មោះថា ជ័យក្សេត្រ នៅព្រំប្រទល់ខាងលិច ។

§ នៅព្រំប្រទល់ខាងជើង គឺយកលិង្គមួយ ផ្សេងទៀតដែលព្រះនាមដដែលនោះ យកមកទុកនៅព្រះវិហារ កំណត់បណ្តោះអាសន្នព្រំប្រទល់អំណាចរបស់លោកនៅផ្នែខាងជើង ។

§ មានមួយទៀតយកទៅទុកនៅលើភ្នំ សូរិយាទ្រិ គឺភ្នំព្រះឥសូរ ភ្នំឥសូរយើងនៅខេត្តតាកែវសព្វថ្ងៃនេះ ហ្នឹងគឺផ្នែកទិសខាងត្បូង ។

§ ហើយមានមួយទៀត លិង្គឈ្មោះដដែលហ្នឹង គឺទុកនៅឥសាន តិរថៈ ប្រហែលជានៅតាមដងទន្លេមេគង្គ ប្រហែលជានៅខាងក្រចេះស្ទឹងត្រែង ។

លិង្គ ទាំងបួននេះ គេយកទៅប្រតិស្ឋនៅទិសទាំងបួនហ្នឹង នៅនឹងគ.ស. ១០១៨ ។ នេះគឺជាអ្វីដែលព្រះបាទ សុរិយវរ្ម័នទី១ លោកបានធ្វើសម្រាប់ប្រាសាទភ្នំព្រះវិហារ ។

ព្រាហ្មណ៍ ទិវាការៈ ឬ ទិវាក

សិលាចារឹកនៅនឹងភ្នំសន្តក កាលេខ ១៩៤ នៅភ្នំព្រះវិហារនេះ កាលេខ ៣៨៣ និយាយច្រើនណាស់ តែអំពីព្រាហ្មណ៍ម្នាក់ ឈ្មោះ ទិវាក ឬ ទិវាការៈ ។ ហេតុអ្វី ព្រាហ្មណ៍នេះ បម្រើស្តេចខ្មែរតាំងតែពីនៅវ័យក្មេង តាំងតែពីជំនាន់រជ្ជកាលព្រះបាទ ឧទ័យៈទិត្យវរ័្មន ទី២ ដែលលោកកសាងប្រាសាទ បាពួន ហើយរហូតមកដល់រជ្ជកាលព្រះបាទ សុរិយវរ្ម័នទី២ ។ លោកបានទទួលងារធំជាងគេបំផុត ក្នុងចំណោមព្រាហ្មណ៍ជាទីប្រឹក្សាផ្ទាល់របស់ព្រះបាទ សុរិយវរ្ម័នទី២ ហើយ លោកតែងតាំងជាព្រាហ្មណ៍ធំ សម្រាប់ធ្វើរាជាភិសេកទាំងអស់ស្តេចទាំងប៉ុន្មាន ។ សេចក្តីសំខាន់នៃសិលាចារឹកដែលទាក់ទងនឹងព្រះវិហារ គឺលោកជាអ្នកចាត់ចែងតបញ្ជាពីព្រះបាទ សុរិយវរ្ម័នទី២ មក ទ្រព្យសម្បត្តិទាំងប៉ុន្មានសម្រាប់ប្រាសាទទាំងអស់ នៅក្នុងស្រុកខ្មែរហ្នឹង គឺលោកចាត់ចែង ។ ទ្រព្យសម្បត្តិភាគច្រើនដែលព្រាហ្មណ៍ទិវាក បានទទួលជាព្រះរាជទានពីព្រះមហាក្សត្រ រួមមានគ្រឿងអលង្ការជាមាស ជាពេជ្រដ៏មានតម្លៃ និងជាវត្ថុមានតម្លៃជាមធ្យមក្តី គឺលោកយកទៅថ្វាយព្រះអាទិទេព ស្រីសិខៈ រិស្វារៈ ទាំងអស់ ។ ដូច្នេះចំពោះប្រាសាទភ្នំព្រះវិហារនេះ ដែលមានអាទិទេព ស្រីសិខៈ រិស្វារៈហ្នឹង ព្រាហ្មណ៍ ឈ្មោះ ទិវាការៈ លោកមានកិច្ចការសម្រាប់ប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារ។

ព្រាហ្មណ៍ ទិវាការៈ ឬ ទិវាក នេះ លោកទៅសង់រូបអាទិទេពផ្សេងៗ លោកឲ្យដីភូមិ លោកទៅបោះព្រំប្រទល់ លោកឲ្យពលសម្រាប់ភូមិណា ដែលត្រូវការសម្រាប់ធ្វើម៉េចឲ្យអាចបានធ្វើការ យកស្រូវ យកអង្ករហ្នឹង យកមកបូជាធ្វើពិធីផ្សេងៗ នៅក្នុងប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារនេះ ។ ហើយមួយពេលនោះ លោកទទួលបានបុស្បុកមាសជារង្វាន់ពីព្រះបាទសុរិយវរ្ម័នទី២ លោកយកទៅថ្វាយអាទិទេព ស្រីសិខៈ រិស្វារៈ ។ ពេលដែលចូលឆ្នាំក៏លោកធ្វើសម្រាប់អាទិទេព ស្រីសិខៈ រិស្វារៈ ហ្នឹង គឺលោកយកសំរឹទ្ធទៅក្រាលនៅកណ្តាលប្រាសាទ ដែលគេយល់ថាប្រាសាទនៅឯចុងភ្នំនោះ ហើយយកចានធ្វើអំពីមាស ពីប្រាក់ យកទៅប្រើប្រាស់នៅក្នុងប្រាសាទ មានឲ្យជាសត្វពាហនៈ មានឲ្យជាខ្ញុំបម្រើ ។ បន្ទាប់មកទៀត លោកធ្វើការជួសជុលសំណង់ផ្សេងៗ លោកជាអ្នកទទួលព្រះករុណាយាងទៅណា លោកទៅតាមដើម្បីនឹងទទួលកិច្ចការដែលពិនិត្យមើលប្រាសាទនានា ក្នុងព្រះរាជាណាចក្រ ។ អ៊ីចឹងផ្នែកខាងបូជា ផ្នែកខាងរក្សាប្រាសាទ ព្រះបាទ សុរិយវរ្ម័នទី២ លោកផ្ទុកផ្ដាក់ទៅលើព្រាហ្មណ៍ ឈ្មោះ ទិវាក ឬ ទិវាការៈ នេះឯង។

ប្រាសាទ ព្រះវិហារត្រូវបានស្ថាបនាឡើងក្នុងបំណងពិសេស ខុសប្លែកពីការកសាងប្រាសាទអង្គរវត្ត ដែលស្ថាបនាឡើងដើម្បីរំឭកគុណព្រះវិស្នុរ ប្រាសាទបាពួន រំឭកគុណព្រះឥសូរ ។ប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារត្រូវបានស្ថាបនាឡើង ដើម្បីធ្វើជាទីដែលគេរក្សាទុកលិង្គព្រះអាទិទេព ស្រីសិខៈ រិស្វារៈ ពីព្រោះតាមជំនឿរបស់ព្រះបាទសុរិយវរ្ម័នទី១ ជាពិសេសព្រះបាទ សុរិយវរ្ម័នទី២ ក៏អ៊ីចឹងដែរ លោកនៅតែគាំទ្រគំនិតដែលថា មហិទ្ធិឫទ្ធិធំណាស់អាទិទេពនេះ ដូច្នេះត្រូវធ្វើម៉េច បន់ស្រន់ គោរពបូជា យ៉ាងដាច់ខាត ។ ទីតាំងប្រាសាទភ្នំព្រះវិហារនេះ

§ ទី មួយ គឺគេទុកអាទិទេព ស្រីសិខៈ រិស្វារៈ ជួនកាលគេសរសេរ ខរៈ ស្វារៈ ជួនកាលគេសរសេរ សិខៈ រិស្វារៈ ប៉ុន្តែគឺជាឈ្មោះតែមួយទេ ។ គឺជាកន្លែងដែលគេរក្សាទុក ពីព្រោះអាទិទេពនេះ ដែលមានលិង្គជាតំណាង មានមហិទ្ធិឫទ្ធិធំណាស់ ។ គេជឿថា នាំភោគផល នាំសេចក្តីសុខមកដល់ប្រទេសខ្មែរ ។

§ ទី២ ប្រាសាទភ្នំព្រះវិហារ ទីកន្លែងនេះមិនមែនជាទីកន្លែងសម្រាប់ព្រះរាជាគង់នៅទេ ។ មិនមែនមានទីភូមិសម្រាប់ប្រជាពលរដ្ឋទេ ។ គឺមានតែកន្លែងសម្រាប់អ្នកបួស ឲ្យចូលមកតាំងសីល ហើយនិងដើម្បីនឹងជួយបន្តពិធីគោរពបូជានេះ តទៅទៀត ។ បើបានអញ្ជើញទៅ គឺត្រូវពិនិត្យមើលនៅប្រាសាទ ដែលជាប់នឹងខ្លោងទ្វារទី៣ រាប់ពីក្រោមទៅ នៅខ្លោងទ្វារទី៣ ហ្នឹងមានសិលាចារឹកកាលេខ ៣៨១ នោះ គេសង្ស័យថា នៅត្រង់កន្លែងហ្នឹង គឺជាកន្លែងដែលគេបំបួសឲ្យទៅជាព្រាហ្មណ៍ ដើម្បីនឹងបន្តកិច្ចការគោរពនិងថែរក្សាអាទិទេព ស្រីសិខៈ រិស្វារៈ នោះតទៅទៀត ។

ដូច្នេះប្រាសាទភ្នំព្រះវិហារ ខុសពីប្រាសាទឯទៀតៗ។

ការសាងសង់ប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារ មានបីដំណាក់កាលធំៗ

§ ដែលក្រុមអ្នកប្រវត្តិវិទូគិតសង្ស័យថា កាលពីជំនាន់ព្រះអង្គម្ចាស់ ឥន្រ្ទាយុទ្ធ គឺអាស្រមប្រហែលធ្វើអំពីឈើ

§ តែមកដល់រជ្ជកាល ព្រះបាទ សុរិយវរ្ម័នទី១ គឺគេឈូសភ្នំយកថ្មភ្នំ ធ្វើជាកាំជណ្តើរធ្វើផ្លូវឡើងទៅលើភ្នំនិងយកថ្មភ្នំ ទៅកសាងជាទីតាំងប្រាសាទផ្សេងៗ នៅក្នុងដែនដីនៃប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារ ។

§ បន្ទាប់មក គឺក្នុងរជ្ជកាលព្រះបាទ សុរិយវរ្ម័នទី២ ពេលនោះហើយដែលគេគិតថា ប្រាសាទភ្នំព្រះវិហារ គឺបានស្ថាបនាឲ្យកាន់តែល្អឡើង នៅពាក់កណ្តាលសតវត្សរ៍ទី១២ ។ ព្រះបាទ សុរិយវរ្ម័នទី២ នោះហើយ ដែលព្រះអង្គបានសាងប្រាង្គប្រាសាទអង្គរវត្ត ដែលស្ថិតនៅក្នុងខេត្តសៀមរាប សព្វថ្ងៃនេះ ។

បើគិត ចាប់ពីដីទំនាប ពីផ្លូវឡើងទៅដល់ប្រាសាទដែលនៅលើកំពូលភ្នំខ្ពស់ជាងគេនោះ គឺគេត្រូវដើរឡើងតាមជណ្តើរជាច្រើនកាំ ដែលមានចម្ងាយទាំងអស់ ៨០៤ម៉ែត្រ ។មុននឹងឡើងពីដីទំនាប ទៅដល់ប្រាង្គប្រាសាទលើកំពូលភ្នំ គេត្រូវឆ្លងកាត់ខ្លោងទ្វារ ៥ ។ ទីតាំងដែលធ្វើប្រាសាទនៅលើកំពូលភ្នំខ្ពស់ជាងគេ មានកម្ពស់ ៥២៥ម៉ែត្រ ។ តួប្រាសាទសំខាន់នោះមានទំហំ ៣៥ម៉ែត្រគុណនឹង ៤៥ម៉ែត្រ ដែលគេគិតសង្ស័យថា ជាកន្លែងរក្សាទុកលិង្គអាទិទេព ឈ្មោះ ស្រីសិខៈ រិស្វារៈ ។

ទីមួយ ពីដីយើងធម្មតាហ្នឹង ពីដីគឺជើងភ្នំរបស់ភ្នំដងរែកហ្នឹង យើងឡើងមកហ្នឹង គឺចម្ងាយ ៥៤ម៉ែត្រគេធ្វើជាជណ្តើរៗ ទាំងអស់មាន ១៥៩កាំ ។ យើងឡើងជណ្តើរហ្នឹងមកហើយ បានគេធ្វើរាងជម្រាលបន្តិចចម្ងាយ ២៥ម៉ែត្រ ហ្នឹង ចូលមកខ្លោងទ្វារទី១ ។

§ សំគាល់ ១៖ បើសិនណាអស់លោកមានសៀវភៅ គេសរសេរជាភាសាបារាំង ជាអង់គ្លេស គេរាប់បញ្ច្រាស គេរាប់ពីទីមួយ ប្រាសាទធំបំផុត មកឯខាងដើម ។

បន្ទាប់ ពីខ្លោងទ្វារទី១ហ្នឹង ត្រូវធ្វើដំណើរតាមកាំជណ្តើរនោះ ឡើងមកទៀត ចម្ងាយ ២៤៤ម៉ែត្រ ។ ជណ្តើរនេះ គេមានបោះគោលតាមសងខាងផ្លូវ ដើរមកបានចូលខ្លោងទ្វារទី២ ។ នៅខ្លោងទ្វារទី២ នោះមាន ហោជាង គេធ្វើរូបរឿងកូរសមុទ្រទឹកដោះ គឺការដែលបង្កើតលោក ។ នៅពេលដែលឡើងមកហ្នឹង នៅខាងឆ្វេងដៃ មានស្រះមួយ ។ ស្រះនេះគឺមានន័យសំខាន់ណាស់ ព្រោះថា កាលពីពេលដែលព្រះមហាក្សត្រថៃ សព្វថ្ងៃគឺ ព្រះបាទ ភូមិផុន អាឌុល យ៉ាដេត ឡើងគ្រងរាជ្យនៅថ្ងៃទី៩ ខែមិថុនា ឆ្នាំ១៩៤៦ ថៃបានមកយកទឹកពីស្រះនេះទៅ ដើម្បីបំពេញពិធីអភិសេកព្រះមហាក្សត្រថៃ នៅឯទីក្រុងបាងកក ប្រទេសថៃ ។

ឡើង មកទៀត ហើយចម្ងាយ ១៥០ម៉ែត្រ មានបោះគោលតាមផ្លូវហ្នឹងរហូត ។ នៅខាងឆ្វេងដៃដដែលហ្នឹង មានតួប្រាសាទតូចៗ ឡើងមកទៀតអ៊ីចឹងមក ១៥០ម៉ែត្រហ្នឹង បានមកដល់ខ្លោងទ្វារទី៣ៗ ហ្នឹងមានសិលាចារឹក ដែលនិយាយអំពីការកសាងប្រាសាទ គឺនៅក្នុងជំនាន់រជ្ជកាលព្រះបាទ សុរិយវរ្ម័នទី១ ប្រហែលជាទីកន្លែងអ្នកចូលទៅបួស គេឲ្យតាំងសីល គេឲ្យរៀនធម៌ នៅហ្នឹងចូលផុតពីខ្លោងទ្វារទីបីមកនេះ ។

នៅ ចន្លោះពីខ្លោងទ្វារទីបីនិងខ្លោងទ្វារទីបួន មានផ្លូវដើរ ប្រហែល ៤០ម៉ែត្រ ។ ផ្លូវដើរ ៤០ម៉ែត្រនេះឯង ដែលមានធ្វើជាខ្លួននាគ ដូចជាបង្កាន់ដៃ ហើយនិងបោះគោលតាមផ្លូវនេះឯង ។ យើងដើរតាមផ្លូវនាគហ្នឹងមក បានមកដល់ខ្លោងទ្វារទី៤ ។ មកដល់ខ្លោងទ្វារទី៤ ប្រាសាទហ្នឹងបែរមុខទៅទិសខាងជើង ។ នៅទិសខាងលិចឬក៏នៅស្តាំដៃហ្នឹង មានអគារមួយ នៅខាងឆ្វេងដៃអត់មានទេ ។អគារនេះឯងប្រហែលគេទុកឲ្យសម្រាប់ឥសីធំៗសំណាក់ឬក៏តាំងសីល នៅត្រង់កន្លែងហ្នឹង» ។

ចម្ងាយ ពីខ្លោងទ្វារទី៤ ទៅដល់ខ្លោងទ្វារទី៥នោះ មានប្រមាណពី៤០ ទៅ៥០ម៉ែត្រ ។ គេត្រូវដើរឆ្លងខ្លោងទ្វារទី៥នេះ ទើបទៅដល់ប្រាង្គប្រាសាទចុងក្រោយបង្អស់ ដែលស្ថិតនៅលើកំពូលភ្នំខ្ពស់ជាងគេ ។ ទីតាំងដែលធ្វើប្រាសាទនៅលើកំពូលភ្នំខ្ពស់ជាងគេនោះ មានកំពស់ ៥២៥ម៉ែត្រ ។ កន្លែងនេះឯង គឺជាកន្លែងដែលប្រហែលគេដាក់លិង្គ ដែលគេថា ជាអាទិទេពប្រចាំប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារ បើយើងគិតតែតួប្រាសាទធំចុងក្រោយនេះ គឺមានទំហំ ៣៥ម៉ែត្រគុណនឹង ៤៥ម៉ែត្រ តែប៉ុណ្ណោះ ហើយបើយើងដើរទៅខាងក្រោយប្រាសាទហ្នឹង ប្រយ័ត្នព្រោះហ្នឹងដល់ចុងភ្នំហើយ គឺកន្លែងដែលចោទហើយ ផុតត្រឹមប៉ុណ្ណឹង ។ ដូច្នេះចុងខាងក្រោយនេះឯង ប្រហែលជាគេទុកលិង្គអាទិទេព ឈ្មោះ ស្រីសិខៈ រិស្វារៈ នោះ ។ មកដល់ឆ្នាំ២០០៨ នេះ មានបាត់បង់ក៏ច្រើន បាក់បែកក៏ច្រើន អ្វីដែលនៅឃើញសល់សព្វថ្ងៃនេះ យើងមើលទៅតាំងពីក្បាច់ចម្លាក់ គួរឲ្យស្រលាញ់ជាទីបំផុត ពីព្រោះស្អាតណាស់ ធ្វើហ្នឹង ធ្វើល្អខ្លាំងណាស់» ។

ហេតុអ្វីបានជាប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារមានជណ្តើរឡើង ស្ថិតនៅក្នុងទឹកដីថៃ សព្វថ្ងៃនេះទៅវិញ?

លោក សាស្រ្តាចារ្យ ឃិន សុខ បច្ចុប្បន្នបង្រៀនប្រវត្តិសាស្រ្តខ្មែរថៃលាវនិងភូមា នៅឯវិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិ អ៊ីណាល់កូ នៅទីក្រុងប៉ារីស ប្រទេសបារាំង មានប្រសាសន៍ថា នៅពេលដែលស្តេចខ្មែរ ផ្តើមសាងសង់ប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារនោះឡើងនៅក្នុងខេត្តព្រះវិហារនៃដែនដី ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា កាលពីបុរាណសម័យនោះ គឺពុំទាន់មានប្រទេសសៀម ឬថៃ តាំងនៅទីតាំងប្រទេសថៃសព្វថ្ងៃ នៅឡើយទេ ។

ពិសេស កាលពីបុរាណសម័យ ស្រុកខ្មែរមានផ្ទៃដីធំធេង ផ្នែកខាងលិចគឺលាតសន្ធឹង ពីខេត្តព្រះវិហារ ហួសប្រទេសថៃសព្វថ្ងៃ និងតរហូតទៅដល់ប្រទេសភូមា ។ ចំណែកផ្នែកខាងជើង គឺលាតសន្ធឹងរាប់បញ្ចូលទាំងក្រុងឈៀងម៉ៃ ដែលសព្វថ្ងៃជាខេត្តមួយរបស់ថៃនោះផង ។ ដូច្នេះមិនមែនមកចោទថា ដីត្រង់កន្លែងនោះ មានសៀម មានអី បើសៀមមិនទាន់មកដល់ឯណា ។ សៀមទាល់តែចុងសតវត្សរ៍ទី១៣ បានទើបនឹងចុះមក ។ ដូច្នេះ ដីត្រង់ដែលគេធ្វើប្រាសាទ នៅលើកំពូលភ្នំព្រះវិហារនេះ ជាដីរបស់ខ្មែរ ។ ខ្មែរចង់ធ្វើត្រង់ណា បែរទៅត្រង់ណា គេធ្វើតាមតែទីតាំងរបស់សាច់ភ្នំនោះ ។

សិក្សាតាមរយៈសិលាចារឹក (k,583.k,194.k,383........)

	K.194 and K.383 The Stelæ of Phnoṃ Sandak and Práḥ Vihãr (67 lines, ~1287 words)
	(Śaka 1041 = A.D. 1119 and Śaka 1043 = A.D. 1121), BEFEO, XLIII (1943-1946): 134-54.

{A3} 1041 śaka pañcamī □ □ śrāvaṇa candravāra nu vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī sūyyavarmmadeva stac ’nau nā vraḥ kra
{A4} lā [nu gi] vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ vrāhmaṇa kamrateṅ ’añ rājakula rājaputra mahāmantri senāpati vraḥ kamrateṅ ’a
{A5} ñ guṇadoṣadarśi ta pvan ’nak sañjak khloñ glāṅ ta pvan ’nak sañjak khloñ vraḥ laṃvāṅ phoṅ syaṅ ta gāl pi bhagavat pā
{A6} da kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita chlaṅ havirvvāda vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī sūryyavarmmadeva stac cuḥ le
{A7} vraḥ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ lek vraḥ ’añjali pandval pre sthāpanā praśasta neḥ ○ bhaga
{A8} vat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita sruk vnur dnaṅ viṣaya sadyā varṇa karmmāntara triṇi uditodita
{A9} □ □ va □ □ □ □ vayaḥ guḥ ryyan paryyan iss ’āgama phoṅ thve iss tapaḥ phoṅ ○ lvaḥ ta rājya vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī u
{A10} dayādityavarmmadeva ta svey rājya nu 972 śaka pi sthāpanā kamrateṅ ’añ suvarṇaliṅga □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □
{A11} pi duk ’arcana bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita gi ta ’añjeñ ’arcana [vraḥ neḥ] ○ lvaḥ ta rājya vraḥ pāda
{A12} kamrateṅ ’añ śrī harṣavarmmadeva bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita gi ti ’añjeñ [jā ’ācāryya]pra
{A13} dhāna nā catvārī ○ lvaḥ ta rājya vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī jayavarmmadeva [ta] svey vraḥ dharmmarājya pi prās [tapaḥ thve]
{A14} sarvvayogya ta jā vraḥ guru ta nu thve rājābhiṣekahoma [nu] vraḥ yajña phoṅ bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divāka
{A15} rapaṇḍita gi ti ’añjeñ jā vraḥ guru thve rājābhiṣekahoma[nu] vraḥ yajña phoṅ oy nāma bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta
{A16} guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita prasāda hemadolā pi jiḥ sitātapatra nara ti pre ’nak chattradhāra [’nak] ta seṅ prasāda sarvvadra
{A17} vya ta daṃnep=ra khāl mās vāna vat khlās pratigraha taṃryya ’seḥ □ khñuṃ nu dāsī ’val ta bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī di
{A18} vākarapaṇḍita jvan sap devatākṣetra phoṅ thve yajña sthāpanā jyak travāṅ oy dāna dravya ta daṃnep=ra khāl mās
{A19} vat khlās pratigraha taṃryya ’seḥ khñuṃ ta vrāhmaṇa paṇḍita sap bhāga nu ’nak ta dīnānātha phoṅ ta gi man vraḥ pāda kamrate
{A20} ṅ ’añ śrī jayavarmmadeva stac kṣetrādhigama [dau] tīrthā [ta daṃep=ra] dau kamrateṅ jagat śrī cāmpeśvara bhagavat pāda kamrate
{A21} ṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita gi ti ’añjeñ dau □ □ □ □ ta sap devatākṣetra phoṅ ○ lvaḥ ta rājya vraḥ pāda kamra
{A22} teṅ ’añ śrī dharaṇīndravarmmadeva ta jā vraḥ ’ryāṃ vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī jayavarmmadeva bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’a
{A23} ñ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita gi ta jā vraḥ guru thve rājābhiṣekahoma[nu] vraḥ yajña phoṅ prasāda sarvvadravya ’val ta bhagavat pā
{A24} da kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita jvan sap devatākṣetra phoṅ thve yajña jyak travāṅ sthāpanā oy dā
{A25} na dravya ta daṃnep=ra khāl mās vat khlās pratigraha taṃryya ’seh khñuṃ ta vrāhmaṇa paṇḍita sap bhāga nu ’nak dīnānātha pho
{A26} ṅ ○ lvaḥ ta 1035 śaka pi vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī sūryyavarmmadeva ta jā vraḥ cau matṛpakṣa vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ
{A27} śrī jayavarmmadeva nu vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī dharaṇīndravarmmadeva svey vraḥ dharmmarājya ’añjeñ bhagavat pāda kamra
{A28} teṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita jā vraḥ guru gi ta thve rājābhiṣeka man vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ [ryyan] thve vraḥ dīkṣā ryya
{A29} n iss siddhānta phoṅ ta daṃnep=ra vraḥ guhya thve śāstrotsava phoṅ oy dakṣiṇā roḥ ta □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ s oy
{A30} hemadolā pañcaśīra pi jiḥ oy māyūra kanakadaṇḍa vyar sitātapatra pvan □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ tāṃ sarvva
{A31} ratna ta gi pi duk ta daṃnep=ra makuṭa kundala karṇābharaṇa keyūra kaṅkana kaṇṭhī udaravandha □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ ’aṅgulī
{A32} yaka navaratna vāna vat khlās pratigraha cok chlyak khāl mās graloṅ tai canhvay nu □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ ta
{A33} bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ samavarṇa ti tāk ’aṃvi ta vraḥ kralā glāṅ sap thṅai syaṅ ’nak rājakāryya □ □ □ □ □ □ bhagava
{A34} t pāda kamrateṅ ’añ gi ti ’añjeñ thve vraḥ koṭihoma vraḥ lakṣahoma vraḥ □ □ □ homa vraḥ pitṛyajña vraḥ □ □ yajña
{A35} sap saṃvatsara gi roḥ vraḥ śloka vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī sūryyavarmmadeva ○ [Sanskrit stanza]
{A37} oy vraḥ dāna sarvvadravya mās prāk ratna vāna vat khlās pratigraha sruk dāsadāsī taṃryya ’seḥ go kapilādi ’val ○ ma
{A38} n bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita thve kṣetrādhigama pi jvan dravya ta devatākṣetra phoṅ daṃnep=ra
{A39} kamrateṅ jagat śrī bhadreśvara gi roḥh vraḥ śloka vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī sūryyavarmmadeva duk pi pre cār ta hemado
{A40} lā phoṅ nu dravya ta roḥh noḥ phoṅ pi jvan ta devatākṣetra phoṅ sap ’anle ○ [Sanskrit stanza]
{A42} bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita jyak danle ti hau śrīdivākarataṭāka ’nau kamrateṅ jagat śrī bha
{A43} dreśvara saṅ ’āśrama duk dāsadāsī ta gi jvan sruk madhyamadeśa sruk taṅkāl nu caṃnat bhāganaya noḥ nu dāsadāsī srā □ □ □ □
{A44} thve caṃnāṃ kalpanā roḥ ta pāñjiya neḥ raṅko paryyaṅ vraḥ vasana dyān dhūpa kriyā sraṅ rmmāṃ caṃryyāṅ smevya tūryya chmāp vṅya ’arca
{A45} na pratidina ○
{A45} nā kamrateṅ jagat śrī śikharīśvara □ □ □ □ □ □ daṅ bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapa
{A46} ṇḍita sthāpanā kamrateṅ ’añ ta rāṃ suvarṇapratimā □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ kanloṅ kamrateṅ ’añ jvan dravya □ □ □ □ □
{A47} śambhugrāma bhavagrāma jyak danle sap sruk □ □ □ □ □ saṅ ’āśrama duk dāsadāsī jvan dravya ta gi thve caṃnāṃ roḥ ta pāñjiya
{A48} neḥ raṅko paryyaṅ vraḥ vasana dyan dhūpa kriyā sraṅ rmmāṃ caṃryyāṅ smevya tūryya chmāp vṅya ’arccana pratidina dravya ti bhagava
{B1} t pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita jvan ta kamrateṅ jagat śrī śikharīśvara thniṃ suvarṇakośa makuṭa kundala keyūra
{B2} kaṅkana kaṇṭhī udaravandha kāñcī nūpura pāduka ta tāṃ sarvvaratna ta gi ti vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī sūryyavarmmadeva oy dāna nā thve
{B3} vraḥ dīkṣā hemavitāna ti chlāk padma tāṃ sarvvaratna tās phdai vraḥ prāsāda kaṅsamaya jvan khāl mās ’aṅgulīyaka ratna vāna vat
{B4} khlās pratigraha taṃryya ’seḥ daṅ juṃ sāy sitacchattra padigaḥ dlaḥ kuntikā kadāha dlaḥ ’āṅ svok dop phnāṅ canlyak ’asaṅkhyā tās
{B5} vraḥ prāsāda vraḥ prāṅgana phoṅ vraḥ thnal dau lvaḥ kralā tut srū nu canlyak sap samvatsara ○ oy dakṣiṇā vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ
{B6} ’adhyāpaka vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ ta siṅ pratipakṣa vraḥ sabhā khloñ viṣaya puruṣādhikara puruṣa paṃre phoṅ strī paṃre phoṅ sap varṇa
{B7} sap saṃvatsara ○ nā kamrateṅ jagat śivapura danden man s □ ī □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ sruk caraṅ sruk tvaṅ jeṅ sruk khcoṃ jyak danle
{B8} saṅ ’āśrama duk dāsadāsī ’val jvan sarvvadravya caṃnāṃ ti cāṃ pratidina rmmāṃ camryyaṅ smevya tūryya raṅko paryyaṅ vraḥ vasana dyān dhūpa kri
{B9} yā sraṅ catussneha vṅya nu ’arcana chmāp vṅya dravya ti jvan khāl mās ’aṅgulīyaka ratna vāna vat khlās pratigraha taṃryya ’seḥ daṅ sitacchattra
{B10} juṃ sāy padigaḥ dlaḥ kuntikā kadāha dlaḥ ’āṅ svok dop phnāṅ canlyāk ’asaṅkhyā tās vraḥ prāsāda vraḥ prāṅgana vraḥ thnal nu canlyāk ○
{B11} oy dakṣiṇā vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ ’adhyāpaka vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ ta siṅ pratipakṣa vraḥ sabhā khloñ viṣaya puruṣādhikara puruṣa
{B12} paṃre strī paṃre phoṅ sap varṇa sap saṃvatsara ○ nā kamrateṅ jagat śrī cāmpeśvara bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita
{B13} jau bhūmi cat sruk saṅ ’āśrama duk dāsadāsī ta gi thve caṃnāṃ roḥ ta pāñjiya ti cār praśasta ○ na kamrateṅ jagat īśvarapura man ’aṃve
{B14} kamrateṅ ’añ vraḥ guru ta rājya vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ paramavīraloka ti vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī sūryyavarmmadeva oy viṅ
{B15} ta bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita man ’val bhūmi khñuṃ devatā noḥ ti pādamūla lak pi cāy ta ’anya □ □ □ bhaga
{B16} vat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita loḥ iss viṅ thve devasthāna nu śivapūjā devatā noḥ ru kāla kamrateṅ ’añ
{B17} vraḥ guru viṅ ○ ri ’aṃpāl sruk nu kula kamrateṅ ’añ ta paramaguru phoṅ ta mān doṣa daṃnep=ra sruk vrai slā kula kamrateṅ ’añ □ □ □ □
{B18} □ □ deva ○ sruk kantiṅ kula kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru kantiṅ ti kamrateṅ phdai karoṃ jvan ta vraḥ dau bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divā
{B19} karapaṇḍita dval vraḥ karuṇā ta paramapavitra vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī sūryyavarmmadeva loḥ iss cuñ nu ’nak ta mān doṣa □ □ □
{B20} rṇa viṅ ru ti kroy ○ 1041 śaka gi nu vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī sūryyavarmmadeva pandval pre śilpi rājakāryya eka do triṇī catvā
{B21} ri nu ’nak viṣaya sadyā dau thve sruk vnur dnaṅ nu devasthāna noḥ pi leṅ ta santāna ti kroy coṅ prāsāda jyak danle □ □ □ □ n va
{B22} n kaṃveṅ juṃ sruk pit □ □ □ ’aṃpeṅ ta □ □ □ □ phoṅ nu kuṭi pada kralā rāṃ □ □ kaṃluṅ mattavāraṇa krau kaṃluṅ nup □ □ □ □ □ phoṅ ○

អត្ថបទអធិប្បាយ

Catalog Number: K.194 and K.383

Name: The Stelæ of Phnoṃ Sandak and Práḥ Vihãr

Sources: BEFEO, XLIII (1943-1946): 134-54.

Jenner manual: Part xml, № 10

Śaka date: (Śaka 1041 = A.D. 1119 and Śaka 1043 = A.D. 1121)

Conventional date: C&D, 136: ‘Le texte khmèr commence par une date dont le chiffre des unités est peu distinct. Il semble que ce soit un 1, et que la date doive être lue 1041 çaka. Dans ce cas, l’inscription daterait de la même année que les travaux mentionnés dans son dernier paragraph (B. 20-22). Comme elle ne peut être ni antérieure à cette date, ni postérieure à 1043 ç., date du second post-scriptum de la stèle de Práḥ Vihãr, la marge d’erreur n’est que de deux ans’.

Provenance: For the location of Phnoṃ Sandak see I, № 42, note 2, for Práḥ Vihãr, II, № 55, note 2. What follows is a reduction of G. Cœdès et P. Dupont, “Les stèles de Phnoṃ Sandak et de Práḥ Vihãr,” hereafter identified as C&D. As is explained in their introduction, the texts of these two stelæ are nearly identical but show differences of detail and of condition. The authors have been at pains to reconstitute a common text (pages 141-50), after which they present the Texte spécial à la stèle de Phnoṃ Sandak (pages 150-1) and the Texte spécial à la stèle de Práḥ Vihãr (pages 151-4). The result, an editorial tour de force, does not favor grammatical analysis or lexical exploitation. I have therefore eliminated all of their apparatus except the line numbers of the stele of Phnoṃ Sandak. The reader interested in the details of the original text should consult the article on which my transcription is based. Note that K.194 is continued in № 11 while K.383 is continued in № 12.

Synopsis: This is another outstanding inscription of the period which should excite the interest of the grammarian. It records the favor enjoyed by a royal spiritual preceptor (vraḥ guru), a Śrī Divākarapaṇḍita.¹ during the reign of four sovereigns (Udayādityavarman II, Harṣavarman III, Jayavarman VI, Sūryavarman II). A minimum span of fifty-five years (A.D. 1066 to 1121) suggests that the inscription was made toward the end of the guru’s life. With few lacunæ, the text is well structured and clear, and offers at least two passages of amusing complexity which will try the reader’s patience.

(3) 1041 śaka pañcamī □ □ śrāvaṇa candravāra

Śaka 1041, the fifth [day] of the fortnight of the □□ moon of [the month of] Śrāvaṇa, a Monday:²

§1. A routine dateline.

nu vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī sūyyavarmmadeva stac ’nau nā vraḥ kra(4)lā [nu gi]³ vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ vrāhmaṇa kamrateṅ ’añ rājakula rājaputra mahāmantri senāpati vraḥ kamrateṅ ’a(5)ñ guṇadoṣadarśi ta pvan ’nak sañjak khloñ glāṅ ta pvan ’nak sañjak khloñ vraḥ laṃvāṅ phoṅ

On this date my Holy High Lord Śrī Sūryavarmadeva⁴ was pleased to be at the royal court with My Holy High Lords the brāhmaṇa; My Holy High Lords the members of the royal family, princes, [and] prime minister; the generals; My Holy High Lords the four inquisitors; the four ’nak sañjak in charge of the royal treasury; [and] the ’nak sañjak in charge of the royal precints.⁵

§2. A simple sentence, opening with the usual nu. The subject NP (vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī sūryyavarmmadeva) is followed by the intransitive royal verb (stac) followed by its intransitive complement (’nau) and a prepositional phrase introduced by nā (vraḥ kralā). This is followed by another prepositional phrase with eight constituents introduced by nu (gi vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ vrāhmaṇa, kamrateṅ ’añ rājakula rājaputra mahāmantri, senāpati, vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ guṇadoṣadarśi ta pvan, ’nak sañjak khloñ glāṅ ta pvan, ’nak sañjak khloñ vraḥ laṃvāṅ phoṅ).

syaṅ ta gāl pi bhagavat pā(6)da kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita chlaṅ havirvvāda⁶

[These] (were ones who) were in attendance so that My High Lord the Most Venerable⁷ the spiritual preceptor Śrī Divākarapaṇḍita might celebrate the havirvāda.⁸

§3. A complex sentence. It opens with anaphoric syaṅ and its complement consisting of headless ta subordinating an intransitive verb (gāl) followed by a clause of purpose introduced by conjunction pi, consisting of a subject NP (bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita) and a predicate consisting of a transitive verb (chlaṅ ~ chloṅ) with its direct object (havirvvāda).

vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī sūryyavarmmadeva stac cuḥ le (7) vraḥ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ lek vraḥ ’añjali pandval pre sthāpanā praśasta neḥ ○

His Majesty My High Lord Śrī Sūryavarmadeva was pleased to step down onto⁹ the holy □□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□ raised his hands in royal salutation [and] bade [his servants] set up this inscription.¹⁰

§4. Probably a compound sentence. The subject NP (vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī sūryyavarmmadeva) is followed by the intransitive royal verb (stac) followed by its intransitive complement (cuḥ) and what appears to be a prepositional phrase introduced by le (vraḥ □□□□?), followed by the remainder of the lacuna (□□□□□□□□□□□□□□), after which comes a transitive verb (lek) with its direct object (’añjali), then coordinate transitive verbs (pandval pre), their direct object unexpressed, and a transitive verb of purpose (sthāpanā) with its direct-object NP (praśasta neḥ).

bhaga(8)vat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita sruk vnur dnaṅ viṣaya sadyā varṇa karmmāntara triṇi uditodita (9) □ □ va □ □ □ □ vayaḥ guḥ ryyan paryyan iss ’āgama phoṅ thve iss tapaḥ phoṅ ○

My High Lord the Most Venerable the spiritual preceptor Śrī Divākarapaṇḍita — of the sruk of Vnur Dnaṅ in the viṣaya of Sadyā,¹¹ a member of the Karmāntara Order third-class — was a master of tradition who □□va□□□□vayaḥ guḥ, studied [and] taught all branches of learning, [and] practiced all forms of austerities.¹²

§5. A complex sentence. The subject NP (bhavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita), modified first by an NP (sruk vnur dnaṅ viṣaya sadyā) in the genitive, then by an appositional NP (karmmāntara trīṇi), is followed by the first predicate with the zero copula and its complement (uditodita), with or without □□va□□□□vayaḥ guḥ. The second predicate consists of coordinate transitive verbs (ryyan paryyan) with their direct-object NP (iss ’āgama phoṅ). The third predicate consists of a transitive verb (thve) with its direct-object NP (iss tapaḥ phoṅ).

lvaḥ ta rājya vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī u(10)dayādityavarmmadeva ta svey rājya nu 972 śaka pi sthāpanā kamrateṅ ’añ suvarṇaliṅga □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ (11) pi duk ’arcana

Coming down to the reign of His Majesty My Holy High Lord Śrī Udayādityavarmadeva,¹³ who ascended the throne in Śaka 972, [he]¹⁴ resolved to set up an image of My High Lord of the golden liṅga □□□□□□□□□ [and] resolved to establish [its] worship.¹⁵

§6. A complex sentence. It opens with a subordinate clause consisting of an intransitive verb (lvaḥ), a prepositional phrase subordinated by ta (rājya vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī udayādityavarmmadeva), the latter modified by an unmarked relative clause subordinated by ta consisting of a transitive verb (svey) with its direct object (rājya) and a prepositional phrase introduced by nu (972 śaka). The first predicate consists of a transitive verb (pi), its subject unexpressed, followed by a transitive verb of purpose (sthāpanā) with its direct-object NP (kamrateṅ ’añ suvarṇṇaliṅga). After the nine-place lacuna the structure resumes with what may be a second predicate consisting of a transitive verb (repeated pi) and a transitive verb of purpose (duk) with its direct object (’arccana).

bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita gi ta ’añjeñ ’arcana [vraḥ neḥ]¹⁶ ○

This My High Lord the Most Venerable the Guru Śrī Divākarapaṇḍita (was the one who) introduced¹⁷ the worship of this divinity.¹⁸

§7. A simple sentence. The subject NP (bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī divākarapaṇḍita), modified by pronoun gi, is followed by the predicate with the zero copula and its complement in the form headless ta subordinating a transitive verb (’añjeñ) with its direct-object NP (’arccana vraḥ neḥ). Less plausibly in the light of the next few passages, gi may be taken as copular.

lvaḥ ta rājya vraḥ pāda (12) kamrateṅ ’añ śrī harṣavarmmadeva bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita gi ti ’añjeñ [jā ’ācāryya]pra(13)dhāna¹⁹ nā catvārī ○

Coming down to the reign of His Majesty My High Lord Śrī Harṣavarmmadeva,²⁰ this My High Lord the Most Venerable the spiritual preceptor Śrī Divākarapaṇḍita was invited to serve as dean of spiritual preceptors fourth-class.²¹

§8. A complex sentence. It opens with a subordinate clause consisting of an intransitive verb (lvaḥ) followed by a prepositional phrase subordinated by ta (rājya vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī harṣavarmmadeva). The main clause consists of the subject NP (bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita) modified by a pronoun (gi), followed by the predicate consisting of passivizing ti, a transitive verb (’añjeñ) with an intransitive verb of purpose (jā) with its complement NP (’ācāryyaprabhāna nā catvāri).

lvaḥ ta rājya vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī jayavarmmadeva [ta]²² svey vraḥ dharmmarājya pi prās [tapaḥ thve]²³ (14) sarvvayogya ta jā vraḥ guru ta nu thve rājābhiṣekahoma²⁴ [nu]²⁵ vraḥ yajña phoṅ

Coming down to the reign of His Majesty My High Lord Śrī Jayavarmadeva,²⁶ who had [just] assumed the royal dharmarājya, [he]¹⁵ resolved to abandon austerities and devote himself to all exercises befitting a royal spiritual preceptor who would be performing sacrifice for the king’s consecration and sundry holy acts of worship.²⁷

§9. A complex sentence. It opens with a subordinate clause consisting of an intransitive verb (lvaḥ) and a prepositional phrase subordinated by ta (rājya vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī jayavarmmadeva). The main clause consists of a transitive verb (pi) and a first transitive verb of purpose (prās) with its direct object (tapaḥ), then a second transitive verb of purpose (thve) with its direct object (sarvvayogya) as modified by an unmarked relative clause subordinated by ta consisting of an intransitive verb (jā ‘to be consistent with’) and its complement NP (vraḥ guru), modified in turn by an unmarked relative clause subordinated by ta consisting first of modal nu, a transitive verb (thve) with its direct-object NP (rājābhiṣekahoma nu vraḥ yajña phoṅ).

bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divāka(15)rapaṇḍita gi ti ’añjeñ jā vraḥ guru thve rājābhiṣekahoma26 [nu]²⁷ vraḥ yajña phoṅ

This My High Lord the Most Venerable the spiritual preceptor Śrī Divākarapaṇḍita was invited to serve as royal spiritual preceptor [and] to perform the sacrifice for the king’s consecration and sundry holy acts of worship.²⁸

§10. A simple sentence. The subject NP (bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita gi) is followed by the predicate consisting of passivizing ti, a transitive verb (’añjeñ), a first intransitive verb of purpose (jā) with its first complement (vraḥ guru) and a second transitive verb of purpose (thve) with its direct-object NP (rājābhiṣekahoma nu vraḥ yajña phoṅ).

oy nāma bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta (16) guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita prasāda hemadolā pi jiḥ sitātapatra nara ti pre ’nak chattradhāra [’nak]²⁹ ta seṅ

[He]³⁰ gave [him] the name bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita [and] conferred [on him] a golden palanquin to ride in, a white umbrella, men to be sent [on errands], umbrella-bearers, [and] men to carry [the palanquin].³¹

§11. A compound sentence. The first clause opens with a transitive verb (oy), its subject unexpressed, with its direct object (nāma) and an appositional NP (bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita). The second clause consists of a transitive verb (prasāda), its subject again unexpressed,³² with its direct-object NP with five constituents (hemadolā pi jiḥ, sitātapatra, nara ti pre, ’nak chattradhāra, ’nak ta seṅ).

prasāda sarvvadra(17)vya ta daṃnep=ra khāl mās vāna vat khlās pratigraha taṃryya ’seḥ □³³ khñuṃ nu dāsī ’val ta bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī di(18)vākarapaṇḍita jvan sap devatākṣetra phoṅ thve yajña sthāpanā jyak travāṅ oy dāna dravya ta daṃnep=ra khāl mās (19) vat khlās pratigraha taṃryya ’seḥ khñuṃ ta vrāhmaṇa paṇḍita sap bhāga nu ’nak ta dīnānātha phoṅ ta gi

[He]³¹ bestowed all manner of costly things, notably golden bowls, cups, vat, khlās, cuspidors, elephants, horses, slaves including females on My High Lord the Most Venerable the Guru Śrī Divākarapaṇḍita — who offered all up to sundry sanctuaries, performed acts of worship, set up images, dug reservoirs, gave out gifts of the costly things (notably the golden bowls, vat, khlās, cuspidors, elephants, horses [and] slaves) to brāhmaṇa and paṇḍita in all parts and to the poor there.³⁴

§12. A complex sentence. It opens with a transitive verb (prasāda), its subject unexpressed, with its direct object (sarvvadravya) modified by an adverbial phrase subordinated by ta consisting of daṃnep ra heading a list of eight items (khāl mās, vān, vat, khlās, pratigraha, taṃryya, ’seḥ, khñuṃ nu dāsī), with sarvvadravya reinforced by an intransitive verb (’val). This much is followed by a prepositional phrase subordinated by ta (bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita), which is next modified by an unmarked relative clause consisting of five predicates. The first consists of a transitive verb (jvan) with its direct-object NP (sap devatākṣetra); the second consists of a transitive verb (thve) with its direct object (yajña); the third is a lone intransitive verb (sthāpanā); the fourth is a transitive verb (jyak) with its direct object (travāṅ); the fifth is a transitive verb (oy) with its direct object (dāna) modified by a noun (dravya) in the genitive modified by the same adverbial phrase and list of eight items (minus nu dāsī) as before. This much is followed by another prepositional phrase with two constituents subordinated by ta (vrāhmaṇa paṇḍita sap bhāga, ’nak ta dīnānātha phoṅ ta gi).

man vraḥ pāda kamrate(20)ṅ ’añ śrī jayavarmmadeva stac kṣetrādhigama [dau]³⁵ tīrthā [ta daṃep=ra]³⁶ dau kamrateṅ jagat śrī cāmpeśvara bhagavat pāda kamrate(21)ṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita gi ti ’añjeñ dau □ □ □ □ ta sap devatākṣetra phoṅ ○

When His Majesty My High Lord Śrī Jayavarmadeva made pilgrimages³⁷ to tīrtha, as [when he] went to the High Lord of the World Śrī Cāmpeśvara, this My High Lord the Most Venerable the spiritual preceptor Śrī Divākarapaṇḍita was invited to go □□□□ to all and sundry of [these] holy places.³⁸

§13. A complex sentence. It opens with a subordinate clause introduced by conjunction man, followed by the subject NP (vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī jayavarmmadeva) and the predicate consisting of the transitive royal verb (stac) with its direct object (kṣetrādhigama) and a prepositional phrase introduced by dau (tīrtha). This much is followed by another adverbial phrase introduced by daṃnep ra consisting of a transitive verb (dau) with its direct-object NP (kamrateṅ jagat śrī cāmpeśvara). The main clause consists of a subject NP (bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita gi) and a predicate consisting of passivizing ti, a transitive verb (’añjeñ) with its intransitive complement (dau), followed by a lacuna and a prepositional phrase subordinated by ta (sap devatākṣetra phoṅ).

lvaḥ ta rājya vraḥ pāda kamra(22)teṅ ’añ śrī dharaṇīndravarmmadeva ta jā vraḥ ’ryāṃ vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī jayavarmmadeva bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’a(23)ñ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita gi ta jā vraḥ guru thve rājābhiṣekahoma25 [nu]²⁶ vraḥ yajña phoṅ

Coming down to the reign of His Majesty My High Lord Śrī Dharaṇīndravarmmadeva,³⁹ who was the royal older brother of His Majesty My High Lord Śrī Jayavarmadeva, this My High Lord the Most Venerable the spiritual preceptor Śrī Divākarapaṇḍita who served as royal spiritual preceptor, performed the sacrifice for the sovereign’s consecration and sundry holy acts of worship.⁴⁰

§14. A complex sentence. It opens with a subordinate clause introduced by an intransitive verb (lvaḥ) followed by a prepositional phrase subordinated by ta (rājya vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī dharṇīndravarmmadeva) modified by an unmarked relative clause subordinated by ta consisting of an intransitive verb (jā) with its complement NP (vraḥ ’ryāṃ vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī jayavarmmadeva). The main clause consists of the subject NP (bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita gi) modified by an unmarked relative clause subordinated by ta consisting of an intransitive verb (jā) with its complement NP (vraḥ guru); the predicate consists of a transitive verb (thve) with its direct-object NP (rājābhiṣekahoma nu vraḥ yajña phoṅ).

prasāda sarvvadravya ’val ta bhagavat pā(24)da kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita jvan sap devatākṣetra phoṅ thve yajña jyak travāṅ sthāpanā oy dā(25)na dravya ta daṃnep=ra khāl mās vat khlās pratigraha taṃryya ’seh khñuṃ ta vrāhmaṇa paṇḍita sap bhāga nu ’nak dīnānātha pho(26)ṅ ○

[He]⁴¹ conferred all manner of costly goods on My High Lord the Most Venerable the spiritual preceptor Śrī Divākarapaṇḍita, who offered [them] up to sundry holy places, performed acts of worship, dug reservoirs, set up images, gave gifts of costly goods — notably golden bowls, vat, khlās, cuspidors, elephants, horses, [and] slaves — to brāhmaṇa and paṇḍita in all parts as well as to the poor.⁴²

§15. A complex sentence on the model of lines 16-9 (§12). The main clause opens with a transitive verb (prasāda), its subject unexpressed, with its direct-object NP (sarvvadravya ’val) and a prepositional phrase subordinated by ta (bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita). The latter is now modified by an unmarked relative clause consisting of five predicates. The first consists of a transitive verb (jvan), its direct object unexpressed, followed by an unmarked prepositional phrase (sap devatākṣetra phoṅ); the second consists of a transitive verb (thve) with its direct object (yajña); the third consists of a transitive verb (jyak) with its direct object (travāṅ); the fourth consists of a lone intransitive verb (sthāpanā); the fifth consists of a transitive verb (oy) with its direct object (dāna) modified by a noun (dravya) and an adverbial phrase subordinated by ta consisting of daṃnep ra introducing seven items (khāl mās, vat, khlās, pratigraha, taṃryya, ’seḥ, khñuṃ), followed by another prepositional phrase subordinated by ta (vrāhmaṇa paṇḍita sap bhāga nu ’nak dīnānātha phoṅ).

lvaḥ ta 1035 śaka pi vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī sūryyavarmmadeva ta jā vraḥ cau matṛpakṣa vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ (27) śrī jayavarmmadeva nu vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī dharaṇīndravarmmadeva svey vraḥ dharmmarājya ’añjeñ bhagavat pāda kamra(28)teṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita jā vraḥ guru gi ta thve rājābhiṣeka

Coming down to Śaka 1035, His Majesty My High Lord Śrī Sūryavarmadeva⁷ (a royal grand-nephew on his mother’s side of His Majesty My High Lord Śrī Jayavarmadeva²⁸ and of His Majesty My High Lord Śrī Dharaṇīndravarmadeva⁴⁰) being about to accede to the dharmarājya, [he] invited My High Lord the Most Venerable the spiritual preceptor Śrī Divākarapaṇḍita as vraḥ guru (to be the one) to perform the sovereign’s consecration.⁴³

§16. A complex sentence on the model of lines 21-3 (§14). It opens with a subordinate clause consisting of an intransitive verb (lvaḥ) followed by a prepositional phrase subordinated by ta (1035 śaka); this is followed by a clause of purpose introduced by conjunction pi consisting of a subject NP (vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī sūryyavarmmadeva) as modified by an embedded unmarked relative clause subordinated by ta consisting of an intransitive verb (jā) with its complement NP (vraḥ cau matṛpakṣa vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī jayavarmmadeva nu vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī dharaṇīndravarmmadeva); the clause predicate consists of a transitive verb (svey) with its direct object (dharmmarājya); my free rendering of this clause gives its probable intent. The main clause consists of a transitive verb (’añjeñ), its subject unexpressed, with its direct-object NP (bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita) as modified by an unmarked relative clause consisting of an adverbial phrase (jā vraḥ guru); dependent on ’añjeñ is copular gi with its complement consisting of headless ta subordinating a transitive verb (thve) with its direct object (rājābhiṣeka).

man vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ [ryyan]⁴⁴ thve vraḥ dīkṣā ryya(29)n iss siddhānta phoṅ ta daṃnep=ra vraḥ guhya thve śāstrotsava phoṅ oy dakṣiṇā roḥ ta □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ s oy (30) hemadolā pañcaśīra pi jiḥ oy māyūra kanakadaṇḍa vyar sitātapatra pvan □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ tāṃ sarvva(31)ratna ta gi pi duk ta daṃnep=ra makuṭa kundala karṇābharaṇa keyūra kaṅkana kaṇṭhī udaravandha □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ ’aṅgulī(32)yaka navaratna vāna vat khlās pratigraha cok chlyak khāl mās graloṅ tai canhvay nu □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ ta (33) bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ samavarṇa ti tāk ’aṃvi ta vraḥ kralā glāṅ sap thṅai syaṅ ’nak rājakāryya □ □ □ □ □ □

When His Majesty My High Lord had learned to perform the holy dīkṣā [and] studied all of the various branches of knowledge including the holy Secret Doctrine, [he] celebrated [his] initiation to the sundry treatises,⁴⁵ gave [him] an honorarium as □□□□□□□□s [and] gave [him] a five-headed golden palanquin to ride in, gave [him] two gold-handled peacock fans, four white umbrellas, □□□□□□□□□ set with all kinds of jewels on them for [him] to keep — notably a diadem, ear-rings, ear ornaments (karṇābharaṇa), armlets, bracelets, necklaces, bellybands, □□□□□□□□, nine-jeweled finger-rings, cups, vat, khlās, cuspidors, engraved cups, golden bowls, bangles, censers, and □□□□□□□□□□□ to My High Lord the Most Venerable, [all of which] were of the same quality as [what] are daily displayed out of the royal treasury chamber, these being for members of the Royal Service □□□□□□.⁴⁶

§17. A complex sentence. It opens with a subordinate clause introduced by conjunction man in which the subject NP (vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ) is followed by the predicate consisting first of a transitive verb (ryyan) and a transitive verb of purpose (thve) with its direct-object NP (vraḥ dīkṣā), then of a transitive verb (repeated ryyan) with its direct-object NP (iss siddhānta phoṅ), followed by an adverbial phrase introduced by daṃnep ra (vraḥ guhya), then by a transitive verb (thve) with its direct-object NP (śāstrotsava phoṅ). The main clause comprises at least three predicates. The first consist of a transitive verb (oy), its subject unexpressed, with its direct object (dakṣiṇā) and an adverbial phrase introduced by roḥ and subordinated by ta (□□□□□□□□s), part of which may correspond to tāp ra. The second consists of a transitive verb (repeated oy) with its direct-object NP (hemadolā pañcaśīra pi jiḥ). The third consists of a transitive verb (repeated oy) with its direct-object NP with at least three constituents (māyūra kanakadaṇḍa vyar, sitātapatra pvan, □□□□□□□□□ tāṃ sarvvaratna ta gi), followed first by a clause of purpose (pi duk ‘for him to keep’), then by an adverbial phrase with at least eighteen constituents subordinated by ta and introduced by daṃnep ra (makuṭa, kundala, karṇābharaṇa, keyūra, kaṅkana, kaṇṭhī, udaravandha, □□□□□□□□, ’aṅgulīyaka navaratna, vān, vat, khlās, pratigraha, cok chlyak, khāl mās, graloṅ tai, canhvay, □□□□□-□□□□□□), followed by a prepositional phrase subordinated by ta (bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ)

bhagava(34)t pāda kamrateṅ ’añ gi ti ’añjeñ thve vraḥ koṭihoma vraḥ lakṣahoma vraḥ □ □ □ homa vraḥ pitṛyajña vraḥ □ □ yajña (35) sap saṃvatsara

This My Holy High Lord the Most Venerable was invited to perform the holy koṭihoma, the holy lakṣahoma, the □□□homa, the holy pitṛyajña, [and] the holy □□yajña every year.⁴⁷

§18. A simple sentence. The subject NP (bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ gi) is followed by the predicate consisting of passivizing ti, a transitive verb (’añjeñ), a transitive verb of purpose (thve) with its direct-object NP with five constituents (vraḥ koṭihoma, vraḥ lakṣahoma, vraḥ □□□homa, vraḥ pitṛyajña, vraḥ □□yajña), and an adverbialized phrase (sap saṃvatsara).

gi roḥ vraḥ śloka vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī sūryyavarmmadeva ○

This was in accordance with a holy stanza [composed] by His Majesty My High Lord Śrī Sūryavarmadeva:⁴⁸

§19. A simple sentence. The subject (gi) is followed by the predicate with the zero copula and its complement in the form of an adverbial phrase introduced by roḥ (śloka) as modified by an NP (vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī sūryyavarmmadeva) in the genitive.

[Sanskrit stanza]

(37) oy vraḥ dāna sarvvadravya mās prāk ratna vāna vat khlās pratigraha sruk dāsadāsī taṃryya ’seḥ go kapilādi ’val ○

[He]⁷ gave royal gifts of all manner of costly goods: gold, silver, jewels, cups, vat, khlās, cuspidors, sruk, male and female slaves, elephants, horses, reddish cows and others, [all] in great number.⁴⁹

§20. A simple sentence. It opens with a transitive verb (oy), its subject unexpressed, with its direct-object NP (vraḥ dāna) as modified by a noun (sarvvadravya) in the genitive, followed by a list of twelve items (mās, prāk, ratna, vān, vat, khlās, pratigraha, sruk, dāsadāsī, taṃryya, ’seḥ go kapilādi) and an intransitive verb (’val).

ma(38)n bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita thve kṣetrādhigama pi jvan dravya ta devatākṣetra phoṅ daṃnep=ra (39) kamrateṅ jagat śrī bhadreśvara gi roḥh vraḥ śloka vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī sūryyavarmmadeva duk pi pre cār ta hemado(40)lā phoṅ⁵⁰ nu dravya ta roḥh noḥ phoṅ pi jvan ta devatākṣetra phoṅ sap ’anle ○

When My High Lord the Most Venerable the spiritual preceptor Śrī Divākarapaṇḍita made a pilgrimage³⁹ with the object of offering up costly goods to various sacred spots, notably the High Lord of the World Śrī Bhadreśvara, — in fulfillment of royal verses [composed] by His Majesty My High Lord Śrī Sūryavarmadeva, [he]⁵¹ arranged to have [them] inscribed on [his] golden palanquins and [on] the aforesaid costly goods prior to offering [them] up to each of the sacred places:

§21. A complex sentence. It opens with a subordinate clause introduced by conjunction man, consisting of the subject NP (bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita) followed by the predicate consisting of a transitive verb (thve) with its direct object (kṣetrādhigama), followed by a clause of purpose introduced by conjunction pi, consisting of a transitive verb (jvan) with its direct object (dravya) and a prepositional phrase subordinated by ta (devatākṣetra phoṅ), followed by an adverbial phrase introduced by daṃnep ra (kamrateṅ jagat śrī bhadreśvara). The main clause opens with an adverbial phrase introduced by gi roḥ (vraḥ śloka vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī sūryyavarmmadeva), followed by the predicate with a transitive verb (duk), its subject unexpressed, followed by a clause of purpose introduced by conjunction pi, consisting of a transitive verb (pre), a transitive verb of purpose (cār), its direct object unexpressed, and a prepositional phrase subordinated by ta (hemadolā phoṅ nu dravya ta roḥ noḥ phoṅ), followed by an embedded clause of purpose introduced by conjunction pi, consisting of a transitive verb (jvan), its direct object unexpressed, and another prepositional phrase subordinated by ta (devatākṣetra phoṅ sap ’anle).

[Sanskrit stanza] ⁵²

(42) bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita jyak danle ti hau śrīdivākarataṭāka ’nau kamrateṅ jagat śrī bha(43)dreśvara saṅ ’āśrama duk dāsadāsī ta gi jvan sruk madhyamadeśa sruk taṅkāl nu caṃnat bhāganaya noḥ nu dāsadāsī srā □ □ □ □ (44) thve caṃnāṃ kalpanā roḥ ta pāñjiya neḥ raṅko paryyaṅ vraḥ vasana dyān dhūpa kriyā sraṅ rmmāṃ caṃryyāṅ smevya tūryya chmāp vṅya ’arca(45)na pratidina ○

My High Lord the Most Venerable the spiritual preceptor Śrī Divākarapaṇḍita dug a pond called the Śrī Divākarataṭāka at [the sactuary of] the High Lord of the World Śrī Bhadreśvara;⁵³ [he] built an āśrama [and] assigned male and female slaves to it; [he] offered up the sruk of Madhyamadeśa, the sruk of Taṅkāl, and the settlements in their outlying parts, with male and female slaves; [he?] srā□□□□; [and he] made an endowment as in this list: milled rice, oil, sacred vestments, candles, incense, requisites for ablutions, dancers, singers, attendants, musicians, [and] flower vessels for daily worship.⁵⁴

§22. A compound sentence, opening with the subject NP (bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita) followed by the first predicate, consisting of a transitive verb (jyak) with its direct object (danle) modified by an unmarked relative clause consisting of passivizing ti, a transitive verb (hau) with its complement (śrī divākarataṭāka), and a prepositional phrase introduced by ’nau (kamrateṅ jagat śrī bhadreśvara). The second predicate consists of a transitive verb (saṅ) with its direct object (’āśrama). The third predicate consists of a transitive verb (duk) with its direct object (dāsadāsī) and a prepositional phrase (ta gi). The fourth predicate consists of a transitive verb (jvan), its indirect object unexpressed, with its direct-object NP with four constituents (sruk madhyamadeśa, sruk taṅkāl, caṃnat bhāga naya noḥ, dāsaāsī); how srā□□□□ fits into the structure cannot be determined. The fifth predicate consists of a transitive verb (thve) with its direct-object NP (caṃnāṃ kalpanā) followed by an adverbial phrase introduced by roḥ and subordinated by ta (pāñjiya neḥ). This is followed by a list of eleven items (raṅko, paryyan, vraḥ vasana, dyān, dhūpa, kriyā sraṅ, rmmāṃ, caṃryyāṅ, smev, tūryya, chmāp vṅya ’arccana), the last modified by a stative verb (pratidina).

(45) nā kamrateṅ jagat śrī śikharīśvara □ □ □ □ □ □ daṅ bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapa(46)ṇḍita sthāpanā kamrateṅ ’añ ta rāṃ suvarṇapratimā □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ kanloṅ kamrateṅ ’añ jvan dravya □ □ □ □ □ (47) śambhugrāma bhavagrāma jyak danle sap sruk □ □ □ □ □ saṅ ’āśrama duk dāsadāsī jvan dravya ta gi thve caṃnāṃ roḥ ta pāñjiya (48) neḥ raṅko paryyaṅ vraḥ vasana dyan dhūpa kriyā sraṅ rmmāṃ caṃryyāṅ smevya tūryya chmāp vṅya ’arccana pratidina

At [the sanctuary of] the High Lord of the World Śrī Śikharīśvara □□□□□□daṅ, My High Lord the Most Venerable the spiritual preceptor Śrī Divākarapaṇḍita set up the dancing My High Lord, an image of gold, □□□□□□□□□□, [and] My High Lady the late queen;⁵⁵ [he] offered up [to them] costly goods, □□□□□ Śambhugrāma, [and] Bhavagrāma; [he] dug a pond in each sruk □□□□□; [he] built an āśrama, assigned male and female slaves [and] offered up costly goods to it; [and he] made an endowment as in this list: milled rice, oil, sacred vestments, candles, incense, requisites for ablutions, dancers, singers, attendants, musical instruments, [and] flower vessels for daily worship.⁵⁶

§23. A compound sentence. It opens with a prepositional phrase introduced by nā (kamrateṅ jagat śrī śikharīśvara), followed by a six-place lacuna which may or may not be part of the subject NP (bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita). The first predicate consists of a transitive verb (sthāpanā) with its direct-object NP, which appears to have three constituents (kamrateṅ ’añ ta rāṃ, □□□□□□□□□□, kanloṅ kamrateṅ ’añ), the first of which is modified by an unmarked noun (suvarṇṇapratimā) in apposition with it. The second predicate consists of a transitive verb (jvan), its indirect object unexpressed, with its direct-object NP (dravya, □□□□□, śambhugrāma, bhavagrāma). The third predicate consists of a transitive verb (jyak) with its direct object (danle) and an unmarked locative phrase (sap sruk □□□□□). The fourth predicate consists of a transitive verb (saṅ) with its direct object (’āśrama); the fifth predicate consists of a transitive verb (duk) with its direct object (dāsadāsī); the sixth predicate consists of a transitive verb (repeated jvan) with its direct object (dravya) and a prepositional phrase (ta gi); while the seventh predicate repeats lines A: 44-5 (§22).

dravya ti bhagava

(1)t pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita jvan ta kamrateṅ jagat śrī śikharīśvara⁶³

Costly goods offered up by My High Lord the Most Venerable the spiritual preceptor Śrī Divākarapaṇḍita to My High Lord of the World Śrī Śikharīśvara:⁵⁷

§24. Nonsentential. The head (dravya) is modified by an unmarked relative clause consisting of passivizing ti, an agent NP (bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita), a transitive verb (jvan), and a prepositional phrase subordinated by ta (kamrateṅ jagat śrī śikharīśvara).

thniṃ suvarṇakośa makuṭa kundala keyūra (2) kaṅkana kaṇṭhī udaravandha kāñcī nūpura pāduka ta tāṃ sarvvaratna ta gi ti vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī sūryyavarmmadeva oy dāna nā thve (3) vraḥ dīkṣā hemavitāna ti chlāk padma tāṃ sarvvaratna

Body ornaments, a gold sheath, a diadem (mukuṭa), ear-rings, armlets, bracelets, necklaces, bellybands, a girdle, anklets, slippers set with all kinds of jewels thereon — which had been given in gift by His Majesty My High Lord Śrī Sūryavarmadeva on the occasion of [his] performing the royal dīkṣā; gold canopy graven with lotuses set with all kinds of jewels.⁵⁸

§25. A nonsentential list of 11 items, all modified by an unmarked relative clause consisting of passivizing ti, an agent NP (vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī sūryyavarmmadeva), a transitive verb (oy), its indirect object unexpressed, with its direct object (dāna), followed by a subordinate clause introduced by nā consisting of a transitive verb (thve), its subject unexpressed, with its direct-object NP (vraḥ dīkṣā). Added to this is a twelfth item (hemavitāna) modified by an unmarked relative clause consisting of passivizing ti, a first transitive verb (chlāk) with its complement (padma) and a second transitive verb (tāṃ) with its complement (sarvvaratna). Alternatively, tāṃ sarvvaratna may be taken as an embedded relative clause dependent on padma.

tās phdai vraḥ prāsāda kaṅsamaya jvan khāl mās ’aṅgulīyaka ratna vāna vat (4) khlās pratigraha taṃryya ’seḥ daṅ juṃ sāy sitacchattra padigaḥ dlaḥ kuntikā kadāha dlaḥ ’āṅ svok dop phnāṅ canlyak ’asaṅkhyā tās (5) vraḥ prāsāda vraḥ prāṅgana phoṅ vraḥ thnal dau lvaḥ kralā tut srū nu canlyak sap samvatsara ○

[He] covered the surface of the holy sanctuaries with articles made of bronze; [he] offered up golden bowls, finger-rings, jewels, cups, vat, khlās, cuspidors, elephants, horses, standards, a tiered umbrella, a white parasol, dlaḥ cuspidors, ewers, roasting dlaḥ pans, footed trays, dop fabric, screens, [and] countless (lengths of) cloth; [and he] covered with the cloth the holy sanctuaries, the holy courtyards [and] the holy access road running all the way to the ground where [they] burn paddy each year.⁵⁹

§26. A compound sentence. The first clause consists of a transitive verb (tās), its subject unexpressed, with two direct objects (phdai vraḥ prāsāda, kaṅsamaya). The second clause consists of a transitive verb (jvan) with a direct-object NP with nineteen constituents (khāl mās, ’aṅgulīyaka, ratna, vān, vat, khlās, pratigraha, taṃryya, ’seḥ, daṅ, juṃ sāy, sitacchattra, padigaḥ dlaḥ, kuṇṭikā, kadāha dlaḥ ’āṅ, svok, dop, phnāṅ, canlyak), the last modified first by a stative verb (’asaṅkhyā). The third clause consists of a transitive verb (repeated tās) with a direct-object NP with three constituents (vraḥ pāsāda, vraḥ prāṅgana phoṅ, vraḥ thnal), the last modified by an embedded unmarked relative clause consisting of an intransitive verb (dau) with a transitive verb of purpose (lvaḥ) and its direct object (kralā) modified by an embedded unmarked relative clause consisting of a transitive verb (tut) with its direct-object NP (srū nu canlyak) and an adverbialized phrase (sap saṃvatsara).

oy dakṣiṇā vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ (6) ’adhyāpaka vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ ta siṅ pratipakṣa vraḥ sabhā khloñ viṣaya puruṣādhikara puruṣa paṃre phoṅ strī paṃre phoṅ sap varṇa (7) sap saṃvatsara ○

Each year [he] gave out dakṣiṇā to My Holy High Lords the instructors, to My Holy High Lords who officiate during each fortnight, to members of the royal court, to viṣaya governors, to functionaries and administrators, to males in service [and] females in service in each class.⁶⁰

§27. A simple sentence. It opens with a transitive verb (oy), its subject unexpressed, with a direct object (dakṣiṇā) followed by an unmarked prepositional phrase with six constituents (vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ ’adhyāpaka, vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ ta siṅ pratipakṣa, vraḥ sabhā, khloñ viṣaya, puruṣādhikara, puruṣa paṃre phoṅ, strī paṃre phoṅ), modified by an NP (sap varṇṇa) in the genitive; dependent on oy is an adverbialized phrase (sap saṃvatsara) which my rendering moves to the front of the passage.

nā kamrateṅ jagat śivapura danden man s □ ī □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ sruk caraṅ sruk tvaṅ jeṅ sruk khcoṃ jyak danle (8) saṅ ’āśrama duk dāsadāsī ’val jvan sarvvadravya

At the sanctuary of the High Lord of the World of Śivapura Danden, to whom s□ī□□□□□□□□□□ the sruk of Caraṅ, the sruk of Tvaṅ Jeṅ, [and] the sruk of Khcoṃ, [he] dug a pond, built an āśrama, assigned the male and female slaves in great number, [and] offered up all manner of costly goods.⁶¹

§28. A compound sentence. It opens with a prepositional phrase introduced by nā (kamrateṅ jagat śivapura danden), modified apparently by a relative clause introduced by pronoun man (s□ī□□□□□□□□□□) and a direct-object NP with three constituents (sruk caraṅ, sruk tvaṅ jeṅ, sruk khcoṃ). The first predicate consists of a transitive verb (jyak), its subject unexpressed, with its direct object (danle); the second predicate consists of a transitive verb (saṅ) with its direct object (’āśrama); the third predicate consists of a transitive verb (duk) with its direct-object NP (dāsadāsī ’val); the fourth predicate consists of a transitive verb (jvan) with its direct object (sarvvadravya).

caṃnāṃ ti cāṃ pratidina rmmāṃ camryyaṅ smevya tūryya raṅko paryyaṅ vraḥ vasana dyān dhūpa kri(9)yā sraṅ catussneha vṅya nu ’arcana chmāp vṅya

Allowance furnished daily: dancers, singers, attendants, musicians, milled rice, oil, sacred vestments, candles, incense, requisites for ablutions, the four kinds of oil, flowers for worship, [and] flower containers.⁶²

§29. Probably nonsentential. The head (caṃnāṃ) is modified by an unmarked relative clause consisting of passivizing ti, a transitive verb (cāṃ), and an adverb (pratidina). This is followed by a list of 11 items. The passage may be taken as a simple sentence by positing the zero copula after pratidina.

dravya ti jvan khāl mās ’aṅgulīyaka ratna vāna vat khlās pratigraha taṃryya ’seḥ daṅ sitacchattra (10) juṃ sāy padigaḥ dlaḥ kuntikā kadāha dlaḥ ’āṅ svok dop phnāṅ canlyāk ’asaṅkhyā tās vraḥ prāsāda vraḥ prāṅgana vraḥ thnal nu canlyāk ○

Costly goods which [he] offered up: golden bowls, finger-rings, jewels, cups, vat, khlās, cuspidors, elephants, horses, standards, white umbrellas, tiered umbrellas, dlaḥ cuspidors, bowls, roasting dlaḥ saucepans, footed trays, dop fabric, screens, [and] countless (lengths of) cloth, [and he] covered the holy sanctuary, the holy courtyard, [and] the holy access road with cloth.⁶³

§30. Probably nonsentential. The head (dravya) is modified by an unmarked relative clause consisting of passivizing ti and a transitive verb (jvan), its subject unexpressed. This is followed by a list of 19 items as in lines B: 3-5 (§26) (khāl mās, ’aṅgulīyaka, ratna, vān, vat, khlās, pratigraha, taṃryya, ’seḥ, daṅ, sitacchattra, juṃ sāy, padigaḥ dlaḥ, kuṇṭikā, kadāha dlaḥ ’āṅ, svok, dop, phnāṅ, canlyāk ’asaṅkhyā), followed by a simple sentence consisting of a transitive verb (tās), its subject unexpressed, with its direct-object NP with three constituents (vraḥ prāsāda, vraḥ prāṅgana, vraḥ thnal) and a prepositional phrase introduced by instrumental nu (canlyak). The zero copula may be posited after jvan, making this an equational sentence.

(11) oy dakṣiṇā vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ ’adhyāpaka vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ ta siṅ pratipakṣa vraḥ sabhā khloñ viṣaya puruṣādhikara puruṣa (12) paṃre strī paṃre phoṅ sap varṇa sap saṃvatsara ○

Each year [he] gave out dakṣiṇā to My High Lords the instructors, to My High Lords who officiate during each fortnight, to members of the royal council, to viṣaya governors, to functionaries and administrators, to males in service, [and] to sundry females in service in each class.⁶⁴

§31. The passage is identical with lines B: 5-7 except for the absence here of phoṅ after puruṣa paṃre.

nā kamrateṅ jagat śrī cāmpeśvara bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita (13) jau bhūmi cat sruk saṅ ’āśrama duk dāsadāsī ta gi thve caṃnāṃ roḥ ta pāñjiya ti cār praśasta ○

At [the sanctuary of] the High Lord of the World Śrī Cāmpeśvara My High Lord the Most Venerable the spiritual preceptor Śrī Divākarapaṇḍita bought land, laid out a sruk, built an āśrama, assigned male and female slaves to it, [and] made an endowment as in the list graven on the inscription.⁶⁵

§32. Another compound sentence. It opens with a prepositional phrase introduced by nā (kamrateṅ jagat śrī cāmpeśvara), followed by the subject NP (bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita) and the first predicate, consisting of a transitive verb (jau) with its direct object (bhūmi); this is followed by the second predicate, consisting of a transitive verb (cat) with its direct object (sruk); the third predicate, consisting of a transitive verb (saṅ) with its direct object (’āśrama); the fourth predicate, consisting of a transitive verb (duk) with its direct object (dāsadāsī) and a prepositional phrase (ta gi). A fifth predicate follows, consisting of a transitive verb (thve) with its direct object (caṃnāṃ) and an adverbial phrase (roḥ ta pāñjiya) the last member of which is modified by an unmarked relative clause consisting of passivizing ti, a transitive verb (cār) with its direct object (praśasta).

na kamrateṅ jagat īśvarapura man ’aṃve (14) kamrateṅ ’añ vraḥ guru ta rājya vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ paramavīraloka ti vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī sūryyavarmmadeva oy viṅ (15) ta bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita man ’val bhūmi khñuṃ devatā noḥ ti pādamūla lak pi cāy ta ’anya □ □ □ bhaga(16)vat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita loḥ iss viṅ thve devasthāna nu śivapūjā devatā noḥ ru kāla kamrateṅ ’añ (17) vraḥ guru viṅ ○

At the sanctuary of the High Lord of the World at Īśvarapura — which was the work of My High Lord the vraḥ guru⁶⁶ in the reign of His Majesty My High Lord Paramavīraloka⁶⁷ [and] was given anew to My High Lord the Most Venerable the Guru Śrī Divākarapaṇḍita by His Majesty My High Lord Śrī Sūryavarmadeva after all the lands [and] slaves of the said divinity had been sold by the pādamūla in order to pay for other [purposes] — My High Lord the Most Venerable the spiritual preceptor Śrī Divākarapaṇḍita bought [them] all back, [and] restored the sanctuary and the worship of the said divinity as [they had been] in the days of My High Lord the vraḥ guru.⁶⁸

§33. A complex sentence, fairly convoluted. It opens with a prepositional phrase with three main modifiers, introduced by nā (kamrateṅ jagat īśvarapura). ¶Its first modifier is a relative clause introduced by pronoun man (nominative) followed by the zero copula and its complement consisting of a noun (’aṃve) modified by an NP (kamrateṅ ’añ vraḥ guru) in the genitive and a prepositional phrase subordinated by ta (rājya vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ paramavīraloka). ¶Its second modifier is an unmarked relative clause consisting of passivizing ti, an agent NP (vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī sūryyavarmmadeva), a transitive verb (oy), adverb viṅ, and a prepositional phrase subordinated by ta (bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita). ¶This second relative clause is modified by an embedded relative clause introduced by conjunction man, consisting of a subject NP (’val bhūmi khñuṃ devatā noḥ), passivizing ti, an agent noun (pādamūla), and a transitive verb (lak), followed by an embedded clause of purpose introduced by conjunction pi and consisting of a transitive verb (cāy) and a prepositional phrase subordinated by ta (’anya□□□). ¶The main clause consists of a subject NP (repeated bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita), a first predicate consisting of a transitive verb (loḥ) with its direct object (iss) and adverb viṅ, and a second predicate consisting of a transitive verb (thve) with its direct-object NP (devasthāna nu śivapūjā devatā noḥ), followed by an adverbial phrase introduced by ru (kāla kamrateṅ ’añ vraḥ guru) and a redundant adverb viṅ.

ri ’aṃpāl sruk nu kula kamrateṅ ’añ ta paramaguru phoṅ ta mān doṣa daṃnep=ra sruk vrai slā kula kamrateṅ ’añ □ □ □ □ (18) □ □ deva ○ sruk kantiṅ kula kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru kantiṅ ti kamrateṅ phdai karoṃ jvan ta vraḥ dau bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divā(19)karapaṇḍita dval vraḥ karuṇā ta paramapavitra vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī sūryyavarmmadeva loḥ iss cuñ nu ’nak ta mān doṣa □ □ □ (20)rṇa viṅ ru ti kroy ○

All of the sruk and seats of My High Lords the highest-ranking guru who had been guilty of wrongdoing — notably the sruk of Vrai Slā, seat of My High Lord □□□□□□deva, [and] the sruk of Kantiṅ, seat of the family of My High Lord the guru of Kantiṅ — which had been offered up to the divinity by the High Lord of the Earth, My High Lord the Most Venerable the spiritual preceptor Śrī Divākarapaṇḍita humbly received [them] as a royal benefice of the Supremely Sacred One, His Majesty My High Lord Śrī Sūryavarmadeva, who had confiscated [them] all from the wrongdoers . . . . . . rṇa as again, as in the future.⁶⁹

§34. A complex sentence, nearly as convoluted as lines B: 13-7 (§33). ¶It opens with ri topicalizing the lengthy direct object of dval, beginning with the NP (’aṃpāl sruk nu kula) modified by a genitive NP (kamrateṅ ’añ ta paramaguru phoṅ), which is modified by an unmarked relative clause subordinated by ta consisting of a transitive verb (mān) with its direct object (doṣa); this much is followed by an adverbial phrase introduced by daṃnep ra (sruk vrai slā ..... sruk kantiṅ) in which each member is modified by a genitive NP (kula kamrateṅ ’añ □□□□□□deva, kula kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru kantiṅ). ¶What immediately follows is ambiguous because of the absence of marking, and could function as the predicate; I take it as an unmarked relative clause consisting of passivizing ti, an agent NP (kamrateṅ phdai karoṃ), a passive verb (jvan), a prepositional phrase (ta vraḥ), and adverb dau marking finality. ¶In this interpretation the main clause now opens with the subject NP (bhagavat pāda kamrateṅ ’añ ta guru śrī divākarapaṇḍita) followed by the predicate, consisting of a transitive verb (dval), the direct object of which is all that has been said previously; this much is followed by an adverbialized NP (vraḥ karuṇā) modified by a genitive or ablative NP subordinated by ta (paramapavitra vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī sūryyavarmmadeva). ¶This much is modified in turn by an unmarked relative clause consisting of a transitive verb (loḥ ‘to take away’) with its direct object (iss) and its adverbial complement (cuñ ‘away’), followed by a prepositional phrase introduced by nu ‘against, from’ (’nak ta mān doṣa), followed by □□□rṇa viṅ and an adverbial phrase (ru ti kroy).

1041 śaka gi nu vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ ’añ śrī sūryyavarmmadeva pandval pre śilpi rājakāryya eka do triṇī catvā(21)ri nu ’nak viṣaya sadyā dau thve sruk vnur dnaṅ nu devasthāna noḥ pi leṅ ta santāna ti kroy coṅ prāsāda jyak danle □ □ □ □ n va(22)n kaṃveṅ juṃ sruk pit □ □ □ ’aṃpeṅ ta □ □ □ □ phoṅ nu kuṭi pada kralā rāṃ □ □ kaṃluṅ mattavāraṇa krau kaṃluṅ nup □ □ □ □ □ phoṅ ○

Śaka 1041: it was in this year that His Majesty My High Lord Śrī Sūryavarmadeva issued an order bidding artisans in the royal service of the first, second, third [and] fourth grades, together with residents of the viṣaya of Sadyā, go forth and lay out the sruk of Vnur Dnaṅ and its sanctuary for the purpose of releasing [them] to [his]⁵⁴ family afterwards, to erect a tower-temple, dig a pond, □□□□n van [and] a wall around the sruk, pit □□□ débris (?) on □□□□ as well as the cells, houses, dance halls, □□ in the outer mattavāraṇa and in the nup□□□□□.⁷⁰

K.383

Catalog Number: K.383

Name: Texte spécial à la stèle de Práḥ Vihãr

Sources: BEFEO, XLIII (1943-1946): 151-4.

Jenner manual: Part xml,

Śaka date: (Śaka 1043 = A.D. 1121)

Conventional date:

Provenance: For the location of Práḥ Vihãr and particulars regarding the text, see my version of K.194 and K.383, “The Stelæ of Phnoṃ Sandak and Práḥ Vihãr,” notes 2 and 3. This text is a continuation of face B and consists of 35 lines set out in 7 columns. These continue on the two narrow faces of the stone: face c (7 lines) and face d (with two texts, one of 10 lines, the other of 13 lines).

Synopsis:

Column 1

(23) ○ pakṣa khnet sruk ī(24)śvaragrāma jaṃnau . ’ava(25)dhi bhūmi toy pūrvva pra(26)sap bhūmi śambhugrāma . (27) ’āgneya prasap bhū(28)mi vrai raṃtval . dakṣi(29)ṇa prasap bhūmi vrai (30) raṃtval sot . naiṛ(31)ti prasap bhūmi □ □ (32) □ □ □ □ □ □ □ (33) □ □ □ □ uttara (34) □ □ □ n vrai □ (35) □ □ □ □ □ □ □ (36) prasap bhūmi neḥ phoṅ sya(37)ṅ nā mān gol si(38)māvadhi [.]

Half-month of the first fortnight. The sruk of Īśvaragrāma, an acquisition by trade. Boundaries of the land: on the east [it] abuts on land belonging to Śambhugrāma; on the southeast [it] abuts of land belonging to Vrai Raṃtval; on the south [it] abuts on more land belonging to Vrai Raṃtval; on the southwest [it] abuts on land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; on the north . . . . . . n Vrai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [thus] abutting on these sundry lands, which are lands¹ having boundary-markers.

(39) □ □ □ □ □ □ □ (40) □ □ □ □ □ □ □ (41) teṅ sugandha (42) teṅ surendra (43) loñ vīra (44) loñ dhani (45) teṅ prasta (46) loñ suk (47) teṅ subhadra (48) teṅ cau (49) teṅ dhī (50) loñ praṅ (51-7) . . . . .

Column 2

(23) teṅ □ □ (24) loñ sthira (25) teṅ vrau (26) teṅ bhavānī (27) loñ kavi (28) teṅ cān (29) teṅ devakī (30) teṅ vraḥ (31-7) . . . . . . . (38) teṅ sarasvatī (39) teṅ dhau (40) teṅ sunaga (41) teṅ ti □ (42) loñ vara thṅe (43) loñ rāy (44) teṅ kantāl (45) teṅ sthirabhāgya (46) loñ sthirapunya (47) teṅ dhān (48) loñ śacī (49) loñ śrīmāna (50) teṅ reda (51) teṅ śakunī (52) teṅ utpala (53) teṅ mādhavī (54) teṅ bhek (55) teṅ □ □ (56) □ □ sthirabhakti (57) □ □ □ □ □

Column 3

(23) loñ vṛk (24) teṅ navaśrī (25) teṅ vrau (26) teṅ roṅ (27) loñ □ □ (28) teṅ s□ □ (29) teṅ □ □ (30) loñ hṛdaya (31) loñ ghṛta (32) teṅ □ □ (33) teṅ śreṣṭha □ □ (34) teṅ jīva (35) teṅ □ □ (36) teṅ bhāgya (37) loñ suhala (38) loñ saṃpūraṇa (39) teṅ subhadrā (40) teṅ sumitrā (41) teṅ ratna (42) teṅ ren (43) loñ śrī (44) loñ vyāsa (45) loñ vāṅ (46) loñ teṃ raṃtval (47) loñ dic (48) ’me loñ vut (49) loñ vut (50) loñ □ □ (51) loñ vrau (52) loñ teṃ ullara (53) teṅ dip (54) loñ vṛk (55) teṅ vañ (56) teṅ dhan (57) teṅ kṛṣṇā

Column 4

(23) teṅ cau (24) □ □ □ □ (25) teṅ śrī (26) loñ mūla (27) teṅ vaṅ (28) teṅ snaṃ (29) teṅ cṛs (30) teṅ sān (31) teṅ vi (32) teṅ rāy (33) teṅ bhāgya (34) teṅ dhān (35) loñ □ □ (36) teṅ □ □ (37) loñ □ □ (38) teṅ nava (39) teṅ yuvatī (40) loñ jeṅ tyak [.]²

(41) ○ pakṣa rṇoc sruk (42) śambhugrāma jaṃnau ’a(43)vadhi bhūmi toy pūrvva (44) prasap bhūmi vrai □ □ (45) ’āgneya prasap bhū(46)mi dharmma □ □ □ . dakṣi(47)ṇa prasap bhūmi □ □ (48)grāma . naiṛti prasap (49) bhūmi vrai raṃtval . paścima (50) vāyavya prasap bhū(51)mi īśvaragrāma . uttara (52) īśāna prasap bhūmi vrai (53) krvas . prasap bhūmi neḥ (54) phoṅ syaṅ nā mān (55) gol simāvadhi .

Half-month of the second fortnight. The sruk of Śambhugrāma, an acuisition by trade. Boundaries of the land: on the east [it] abuts on land belonging to Vrai . . . .; on the southeast [it] abuts on land belonging to Dharma . . . . . . ; on the south [it] abuts on land . . . . grāma; on the south-west [it] abuts on land belonging to Vrai Raṃtval; on the west [and] northwest [it] abuts on land belonging to Īśvaragrāma; on the north [and] northeast [it] abuts on land belonging to Vrai Krvas, [thus] abutting on these sundry lands which are lands³ having boundary-markers.

(56) teṅ □ □ □ ṅ (57) teṅ so

Column 5

(23) loñ juṃ vara (24) □ □ cau (25) □ □ □ □ □ □ □ (26) □ □ □ (27) teṅ □ □ (28) loñ □ □ (29) teṅ cāñ (30) loñ s □ □ (31) teṅ vasanta (32) teṅ sthira (33) loñ s □ □ (34) teṅ □ □ i (35) teṅ □ ti (36) teṅ □ □ □ (37) teṅ □ □ □ (38) loñ □ □ □ □ □ (39) loñ vau (40) teṅ vrau (41) teṅ ṅā (42) teṅ i □ □ (43) loñ vāp (44) teṅ umā (45) loñ dham (46) teṅ vāṅ (47) loñ kavi (48) loñ vis (49) teṅ dhan (50) loñ ghu (51) loñ □ □ □ (52) teṅ myaṅ (53) loñ mūla (54) loñ dham (55) loñ lut (56) teṅ so (57) loñ □ □ □

Column 6

(23) loñ □ □ □ (24) loñ □ □ □ (25) teṅ vrau (26) teṅ □ □ □ (27) □ □ □ □ □ □ □ (28) teṅ ṅe (29) teṅ vīja (30) □ □ □ □ □ □ □ (31) teṅ □ □ □ (32) teṅ □ □ □ (33) teṅ ṅe (34) loñ saṃ □ (35) loñ vrahma (36) tai kanprat³ (37) si vraḥ tru □ ñ [.]³

(38) ○ ’avadhi bhūmi sruk(39)k bhavahrāma⁴ to(40)y pūrvva prasap bhū(41)mi sruk vilopa (42) □ l vilopa bhā(43)ga mvāy . ’āgneya (44) prasap bhūmi dharmma(45)□ □ . dakṣiṇa prasap (46) bhūmi chok . naiṛrti⁵ (47) prasap bhūmi cho(48) □ □ sot . paści(49)ma prasap bhūmi caṃna(50)t kmek . vāyavya (51) prasap bhūmi travā(52)ṅ caruḥ . uttara is (53) teṅ landeṅ dau (54) prasap bhūmi viṅ . (55) īśāna prasap bhū(56)mi suvarṇa harlam (57) □ □ □ □ □ □ prasap

Column 7

(23) bhūmi neḥ phoṅ (24) syaṅ nā mān go(25)l simāvadhi .

Boundaries of the land belonging to the sruk of Bhavagrāma: on the east [it] abuts on land belonging to the sruk of Vilopa, one section of --l Vilopa; on the southeast [it] abuts on land belonging to Dharma----; on the south [it] abuts on land belonging to Chok; on the southwest [it] it abuts on more land of Chok -- ; on the west [it] abuts on land belonging to the settlement of Kmek; on the northwest [it] abuts on land belonging to Travāṅ Cariḥ; on the north [it] is all Teṅ Landeṅ (?) [and] proceeds to abut on the land again; on the northeast [it] abuts on land belonging to Suvarṇa Harlam [and?] . . . . . . . . . . . . , [thus] abutting on these several lands which are lands³ having boundary-markers.

(26) teṅ vrai kandiṅ (27) loñ vrau (28) teṅ tamvāṅ ju (29) teṅ myaṅ (30) teṅ śrī (31) loñ so (32) teṅ □ □ (33) loñ gandha (34) teṅ umā (35) teṅ vrau (36) teṅ □ □ (37) loñ su □ □ (38) teṅ ro (39) teṅ □ □ (40) teṅ □ □ (41) teṅ lo (42) teṅ dhān (43) teṅ so (44) loñ □ āti □ (45) teṅ dep (46) teṅ phkāy (47) loñ drākṣi (48) teṅ saṃ . teṅ su □ (49) loñ pā . teṅ naṃ (50) si vāra khci . tai māgha (51) si māgha . si sundhar (52) si kansak . tai kante(53)n . si kañcan . tai (54) thyak . tai khmau . si svā(55)ṅ . tai ’me □ □ . tai □ □ . (56) si kansaṃ . tai □ □ (57) □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

(1) □ □ □ □ □ □ ’nak □ □ □ (2) syaṅ⁶ paripālana caṃ(3)nyar □ □ □ pratiṣṭhā □ □ . ’nak (4) noḥ svey svarggāpavargga . ri ta cicā(5)y śilastambha neḥ ’nak noḥ dau (6) ta dvātriṃśanaraka tarāp vraḥ candrā(7)ditya mān ley ○

. . . . . . . . . . . . persons . . . . . . syaṅ maintain henceforth . . . . . . consecrated . . . . Those persons shall enjoy heaven and final emancipation. Those who do violence to this stele, they shall go to the thirty-two hells for as long as the sun and moon shall shine.

(1) □ □ □ □ śaka (2) □ □ □ □ ket puṣya □ □ □ (3) nakṣatra □ □ mvāy ’antva(4)ṅ dik mvāy vinādika pi thmā □ □ □ (5)ālaya gi nu vraḥ pāda kamrate(6)ṅ ’añ śrī sūryyavarmmadeva pa(7)ndval [pre]⁷ dhūli jeṅ kamra(8)teṅ ’añ śrī divākarapaṇḍita (9) □ □ □ sarvadravya □ □ dakṣi(10)ṇa [.]

Śaka xxxx, the . . . . . . . . [day of] the first fortnight of [the month of] Puṣya, the nakṣatra of . . . . . . , one [pāda], one ’antvaṅ dik, three vināḍikā,⁸ [at] the moment . . . . . . ālaya: It is on this date that His Majesty My High Lord Śrī Sūryavarmadeva issued an order bidding the dhūli jeṅ My High Lord Śrī Divākarapaṇḍita to . . . . . . sall manner of costly goods . . . . [as] dakṣiṇa.

(11) ○ 1043 śaka (12) navami ket māgha vudhavāra (13) gi nu dhūli jeṅ kamrateṅ (14) ’añ śrī divākarapaṇḍita (15) jauv bhūmi ’anle mvāy hau (16) □ □ □ karol cyaḥ saṅ go(17)l juṃ duk jmah⁹ rudrālaya (18) jvan ta kamrateṅ jagat (19) śivaliṅga vnur dnaṅ □ □ (20) ’anle mvāy bhūmi teṃ thkū (21) jaṃnauv saṅ gol juṃ duk (22) jmaḥ pañcayajña jvan ta kamrate(23)ṅ jagat śivaliṅga dnur dnaṅ [.]

Śaka 1043, the ninth [day of] the first fortnight of [the month of] Māgha, a Wednesday: it is on this date that the dhūli jeṅ My High Lord Śrī Divākarapaṇḍita acquired by trade a tract of land in a certain place called - - - Karol Cyaḥ, set up boundary-markers around [it], named [it] Rudrālaya, and offered [it] up to the High Lord of the World the śivaliṅga of Vnur Dnaṅ . . in an[other] place a tract of land at Teṃ Thkū,¹⁰ an aquisition by trade, [he] set up boundary-markers around [it], named [it] Pañcayajña, [and] offered [it] up to the High Lord of the World the śivaliṅga of Vnur Dnaṅ.

☼

K382

Catalog Number: K.382

Name: Stele of Práḥ Vihãr

Sources: C VI: 270-1.

Jenner manual: Part xml, № 71

Śaka date: (Śaka 969 = A.D. 1047)

Conventional date:

Provenance: For the location of Práḥ Vihãr see № 55, note 2. This text consists of 2 lines engraved around all four sides along the bottom of a stele found at the west portal of the sanctuary’s gallery H. The remainder of the stone is covered with 151 lines in Sanskrit.

Synopsis: Because of the lacunæ in the opening passage, the purpose of this inscription is unclear. Its condition in fact raises more than one instructive problem of interpretation.

(1) [pa]ndval ta vraḥ [k]aṃ[ste]ṅ¹ [pha]lapriya ri śi □ □ □ □ (2) □ □ □ □ neḥ man ta² steṅ śivaśakti □ □ □ □ □ □

(1) □ k ’nau yaśodharagiri vraḥ dai man mān śivājñā pi pre (2) yok noḥ pi dau sthāpanā ’anrāy nā kamrateṅ jagat śrī śi

(1)kharīśvara pre thve śāpā śivājñā ○

[I] have informed the holy kaṃsteṅ Phalapriya, in connection with this Śi□□□□□□□□ that the steṅ Śivaśakti □□□□□□k on Yaśodharagiri another divinity; that there was [issued] a commandment from Śiva bidding [him] take the said [divinity and] go [and] set [it] up in the parish at the sanctuary of the High Lord of the World Śrī Śikharīśvara, [and] bidding [him] take an oath [to execute?] the commandment from Śiva.³

§1. My rendering is largely guesswork and hence unreliable.

969 śaka daśamī ket vai[śākha vṛha](2)[spa]tivāra

Śaka 969, the tenth [day] of the fortnight of the waxing moon of [the month of] Vaiśākha, a Thursday:⁴

§2. A routine dateline.

nu vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ śrī □ □ i □ □ [paṅgaṃ]

(1) [thpvaṅ]⁵ nivedana □ □ śivājñā noḥ gi pi mān vraḥ karuṇā vraḥ pāda (2) [kamrateṅ kaṃtvan ’añ śrī sū]ryyavar[mma]deva [ta] roh neh ○

On this date My Holy High Lord Śrī □□i□□ worshipfully informed His Majesty of the said command from Śiva, whereupon there was [issued] royal advice to this effect by His Majesty My High Lord in the maternal line Śrī Sūryavarmadeva.⁶

§3. A compound sentence, opening with the usual nu. In the first clause the subject NP (vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ śrī □□i□□) is followed by the predicate, consisting of the stock phrase paṅgaṃ thpvaṅ nivedana, apparently followed by a prepositional phrase (□□ śivājñā noḥ). The second clause is headed by gi pi ‘it was so that, = as a result’, followed by existential mān with its inverted subject NP (vraḥ karuṇā) modified first by an NP (vraḥ pāda kamrateṅ kaṃtvan ’añ śrī sūryyavarmmadeva) in the genitive or ablative, then by an adverbial phrase (ta roḥ neḥ).

K381

Catalog Number: K.381

Name: Piédroit of Práḥ Vihãr

Sources: C VI: 255-7.

Jenner manual: Part xml, № 55

Śaka date: (Śaka 948 = A.D. 1028)

Conventional date: The “Liste générale ...” (C VIII: 141) gives Śaka 946 as the date of this inscription, while line 7 gives Śaka 948.

Provenance: Práḥ Vihãr is located in the Dangrek chain 45 kilometers due west of the Laos frontier. This text of 21 lines is from the south piédroit of the west portal of gallery H. Uncharacteristically, it begins with 9 lines in Khmer, followed by 12 lines in Sanskrit.

Synopsis: This inscription, despite a damaged beginning, appears to record the pious work of a vraḥ kamrateṅ ˀañ Śrī Tapasvīndrapaṇḍita, including the founding of an āśrama and an endowment to the High Lord of the World Śrī Sikhareśvara. The grammar of lines 4-7 will be found to be challenging and hence instructive.

(1) 946¹ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)teṅ ’añ vraḥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vraḥ (3) kamrateṅ ’añ nu bhū[mi]² □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

[Śaka] 946 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . My [Holy High Lord] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . My Holy High Lord and a tract of land □□□□□□□□□□□□ .³

§1. Unintelligible.

’nak ta cicāy noḥ dau (4) naraka ri ta varddhe dau svargga ||

Persons who do damage to it shall go to the hells, [while] those who cause [it] to prosper shall go to heaven.⁴

§2. Two complex sentences. In the first, the subject (’nak) is modified by an unmarked relative clause subordinated by ta and consisting of a transitive verb (cicāy) with its direct object (noḥ); the predicate consists of a transitive verb (dau) with its direct object (naraka). The second opens with preposition ri, followed by headless ta subordinating a transitive verb (vardha), its direct object unexpressed; the predicate consists of a transitive verb (repeated dau) and its direct object (svargga).

raṃlik dau ta vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ nau ’ampall khñuṃ man ’nak o(5)y pandap [ta]⁵ gi mān nu vastu ta yukti phoṅ siddhi ta vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ pre duk ta rikta (6) praśasta nau roḥh kalpanā vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ ti vraḥ pre thve roḥ iṣṭi vraḥ kamra(7)teṅ ’añ ||

Reminder to My Holy High Lord:⁶ all of the slaves whom folk give [and] keep on these premises are with the effects belonging [to them], which are for the exclusive use of My Holy High Lord, who shall have [them] listed on inscribed plaques as items of his endowment. [Such] is ordered by the royal one to be done in response to My High Lord’s wish.⁷

§3. An intricate passage worth close examination. It comprises a nonsentential string, a long complex sentence, and a short simple sentence. ¶The string head (raṃlik) is followed by an unmarked relative clause consisting of an intransitive verb (dau) and a prepositional phrase subordinated by ta (vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ). ¶In the sentence, headed by topicalizing nau, the subject NP (’aṃpal khñuṃ) is modified by a relative clause marked by man (accusative) and consisting of a subject (’nak), a transitive verb (oy) and a coordinate transitive verb (pandap ‘to confine’), followed by a prepositional phrase (ta gi). The predicate consists of existential mān followed by a prepositional phrase (nu vastu ta yukti phoṅ ‘accompanied by the property which belongs [to them]’), modified by an unmarked relative clause consisting of an intransitive verb (siddhi) and a prepositional phrase subordinated by ta (vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ). At this point the latter is modified by another unmarked relative clause consisting of a transitive verb (pre) with a transitive verb of purpose (duk), its direct object unexpressed, and another prepositional phrase subordinated by ta (rikta praśasta) and an adverbial phrase (nau roḥ kalpanā vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ ‘as being items of the endowment of My Holy High Lord’). ¶The simple sentence, without an expressed subject, consists of passivizing ti, an agent noun (vraḥ), a transitive verb (pre) with a transitive verb of purpose (thve), and an adverbial phrase (roḥ iṣṭi vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ).

948 śaka nu vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ tapasvīndrapandita jvan dravya caṃnāṃ kalpanā (8) saṅkrānta ta kamrateṅ jagat śrī śikhareśvara gobhikṣa 6 vat ṅan jyaṅ vyar liṅ 10 kaṅkana 4 □ □ □ (9) samāhara ta gi svok kadāha vraḥ go krapi tamrya

Śaka 948: in this year My Holy High Lord Tapasvīndrapaṇḍita offered up costly goods of a new year endowment to the High Lord of the World Śrī Śikhareśvara: six gobhikṣa; a vat weighing two jyaṅ, 10 liṅ; four wristlets; □□□ included with them; a footed tray; a wok; a sacred cow; a water buffalo; an elephant.⁸

§4. A simple sentence, followed by a list of nine items. After the date and the usual nu, the subject NP (vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ tapasvīndrapaṇḍita) is followed by the predicate, consisting of a transitive verb (jvan) with its direct object (dravya) modified by an NP (caṃnāṃ kalpanā saṅkrānta) in the genitive, followed by a prepositional phrase subordinated by ta (kamrateṅ jagat śrī śikhareśvara). Whether the unnumbered items are singular or plural cannot be determined.

sruk bhūmi khñuṃ neḥ nai tapasvīndrā[śrama]

These sruk, lands [and] slaves belong to the Tapasvīndrāśrama.⁹

§5. The subject NP (sruk bhūmi khñuṃ neḥ) is followed by a transitive verb (nai) with its direct object (tapasvīndrāśrama).

K583

Catalog Number: K.583

Name: Stele of the Bàpûon

Sources: Claude Jacques, “Études d’épigraphie cambodgienne. IX. — La stèle du Baphûon, K.583,” in BEFEO, LXIII (1976): 351-68 + planches; superseding both Louis Finot, “Inscriptions d’Aṅkor. — V. Baphuon,” in BEFEO, XXV (1925): 352-3, and C VII: 84-7.

Jenner manual: Part xml, № 18

Śaka date: (Śaka ixe siècle = A.D. 878-977)

Conventional date: M. Jacques assigns the text to the reign of Rājendravarman (357, Commentaires).

Provenance: The Bàpûon is a spectacular pyramidal temple-mountain located in the heart of Aṅkor Thoṃ, immediately to the south of the Phĭmãnàkàs and some 200 meters northwest of the Bàyon. As M. Jacques reports, the first part of this inscription (in two pieces) was recovered in 1924 and published by Finot the following year without a translation; another part was recovered in 1959 and published by Cœdès in 1964; subsequently two more parts were recovered, confirming the importance of the text but not accounting for the entire stele.

Synopsis: An inscription in a poor state of preservation and involving difficulties of interpretation. It appears to be concerned exclusively with the installation of a śivaliṅga in a sruk in Liṅgapura by a prince Śrī Indrāyudha, son of Jayavarman II. It ends in a curiously worded admonition, which appears to be unfinished.

(5) □12 śaka nu dhūli vraḥ (6) [pāda dhū]li jeṅ vraḥ kamra(7)[teṅ ’añ pa]rameśvara sve(8)[y vraḥ dharmmarā]jya¹ mān rājapu(9)[tra

(9)[tra]." onMouseOver="parent.menu.document.getElementById('footnote').innerHTML='² C VII: 86 reads rajapu(9)[tra].'" corresp="#note_2">² ta jmaḥ kaṃ]steṅ ’añ śrī(10)ndrāyudha senāpati (11) ni³ dau cap u□ka teṃ (12) man viṅ dau p[v]as ’anrā(13)y liṅgapura

Śaka □12: in this year the dhūli His Majesty the dhūli jeṅ My Holy High Lord Parameśvara⁴ [while] holding the royal Dharmarājya had a royal son named the kaṃsteṅ ’añ Śrī Indrāyudha, a general who had formerly gone out [and] taken u□ka [but] who had returned [and] gone to enter holy orders in the parish of Liṅgapura.⁵

§2. After the date and adverb nu comes the subject NP (dhūli vraḥ pāda dhūli jeṅ vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ parameśvara) modified by an unmarked relative clause consisting of a transitive verb (svey) with its direct-object NP (vraḥ dharmmarājya). The predicate opens with a transitive verb (mān) with its direct object (rājaputra) modified by an unmarked relative clause consisting of an intransitive verb (jmaḥ) with its complement NP (kaṃsteṅ śrī indrāyudha), modified by a noun in apposition (senāpati) modified by an unmarked relative clause probably subordinated by ta, consisting of an intransitive verb (dau), a transitive verb of purpose (cap) with its direct object (u□ka), and adverb teṃ; this is followed by a relative clause introduced by pronoun man (nominative) consisting of coordinate intransitive verbs (viṅ, dau) and an intransitive verb of purpose (pvas), followed by an unmarked locative phrase (’anrāy liṅgapura).

[man] vraḥ (14) śivajñā pre yok

(1) neḥ liṅga neḥ nā [’ā] (2)[śrama] paṃnvasa ta ka.i(3)ka □ □ vraḥ kamra[t]e(4)ṅ ’a[ñ śrī ni]ṣkala pre (5) sthā[panā ta gi] mok [pi]⁶ (6) sthā[panā ta] gi neḥ sr[u](7)k [santū ’aṃn]oy dau ta [kaṃ](8)steṅ liṅgapura

When a holy śivajñā appointed [him⁷] to take this liṅga onto the grounds of the āśrama of the clerics who ka.ik □□ My Holy High Lord Niṣkala,⁸ [he] bade [him¹¹] set up the image⁹ there, [and he¹¹] came with the purpose of setting up the image¹² in this sruk of Santū as a gift for the kaṃsteṅ of Liṅgapura.¹⁰

§3. A complex sentence. It opens with a subordinate clause introduced by conjunction man, consisting of a subject NP (vraḥ śivajñā), a transitive verb (pre), its direct object unexpressed, and a transitive verb of purpose (yok) with its direct-object NP (neḥ liṅga neḥ), followed by a prepositional phrase introduced by nā (’āśrama paṃnvas ta ka.ika □ vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ śrī niṣkala). The first main clause consists of a transitive verb (repeated pre), its direct object again unexpressed, and a transitive verb of purpose (sthāpanā), its direct object unexpressed, and a locative phrase (ta gi); the second clause consists of an intransitive verb (mok), its subject unexpressed, followed by a clause of purpose introduced by conjunction pi, consisting of a transitive verb (repeated sthāpanā), its direct object unexpressed, followed by a prepositional phrase subordinated by ta (gi neḥ sruk santū) and an adverbialized NP (’aṃnoy dau ta kaṃsteṅ liṅgapura).

ma[n lvaḥ ta]¹¹ (9) gi vraḥ rājya dhū[li jeṅ vraḥ] (10) kamrateṅ ’a[ñ śrī rājendrava](11)rmmadeva¹² mā[n] □ □ [ta jmaḥ] (12) kaṃsteṅ ’añ nṛpendr[āyudha] (13) nivedana leṅ vvaṃ ’ā[c ti] □ (14)p trap vvaṃ āc ti □ □ (15) prasāda oy □ □ □ (16) □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

When [it came down to] the royal reign of the dhūli jeṅ My Holy High Lord Śrī Rājendravarmadeva, there was a □□ named the kaṃsteṅ ’añ Nṛpendrāyudha, who requested of the sovereign to let it not be □p trap [and] not be □□ s royal gift given to □□□□□□□□□□□.¹³

§4. Another complex sentence. It opens with a subordinate clause introduced by conjunction man, consisting of an intransitive verb (lvaḥ) and a prepositional phrase subordinated by ta (gi vraḥ rājya dhūli jeṅ vraḥ kamrateṅ ’añ śrī rājendravarmmadeva). The main clause opens with existential mān with its inverted subject (□□) as modified first by an unmarked relative clause subordinated by ta, consisting of an intransitive verb (jmaḥ) with its complement NP (kaṃsteṅ ’añ nṛpendrāyudha), then by another unmarked relative clause consisting of an intransitive verb (nivedana) and a transitive verb of purpose (leṅ), its direct objet unexpressed, followed by two strings with vvaṃ āc ti which are beyond description.

(23) nau ge ta vvaṃ thve roha □ □ □ □na¹⁴ toy kalpanā g[e] dau ta naraka lvah sū[ryya]¹⁵

Those who fail to act □□□□na according to the endowment — they shall go to the hells until the sun.......¹⁶

§1. A complex sentence opening with an NP topicalized by nau, consisting of a subject (ge) modified by an unmarked relative clause subordinated by ta, consisting of adverb vvaṃ, a transitive verb (thve), adverbial roḥ,¹⁷ and a prepositional phrase (toy kalpanā). The main clause opens with the anaphoric subject (ge), an intransitive verb (dau), a prepositional phrase (ta naraka), and a second prepositional phrase introduced by lvaḥ (sūryya ........).

Khmerkhom

Pages

Saturday, August 27, 2011

ប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារ

No comments:

	Bruno Mars - The Lazy Song .mp3

	Found at bee mp3 search engine